Romans 3

^I “advantage” = perissos. From peri (all-around, encompassing, excess). This is abundant, more, excessive, advantage, vehemently.
^II “Jew” = Ioudaios. From Ioudas (Judah, Judas); from Hebrew Yehudah (Judah, son of Jacob, his tribal descendants, a name for the southern kingdom. Literally, it means praised); probably from yadah (to throw one’s hands into the air in a gesture of praise); from yad (hand). This is Jewish, a Jew, or Judea.
^III “value” = opheleia. 2x in NT. From opheleo (to help, benefit, do good, or be useful); from ophelos (help, gain, profit); from ophello (to heap up or increase). This is assistance, profit, benefit, gain.
^IV “circumcision” = peritome. From peritemno (to circumcise; literally cut around); {from peri (about, concerning, all around, encompassing) + same as tomos or tomoteros (sharp or keener); from temno (to cut as with a single slice)}. This is properly, cut around, referring to the way that foreskin is removed and so this is to circumcise. It can be used or the rite or the people who are circumcised – in a literal or figurative sense.

^V “much” = polus. This is much, often, plenteous – a large number or a great extent.
^VI “every” = pas. This is all or every.
^VII “way” = tropos. 13x in NT. From the same as trope (turning, change, shifting); from trepo (to turn). This is turning and taking on a new direction or manner. It can refer to way, fashion, style, or character. This is where the word “trope” comes from.
^VIII “first place” = proton. From protos (what is first, which could be the most important, the first in order, the main one, the chief); from pro (before, first, in front of, earlier). This is firstly, before, in the beginning, formerly.
^IX {untranslated} = men. This is truly, indeed, even, in fact. Often, it is not translated, but used to emphasize affirmation.

^X “entrusted with” = pisteuo. From pistis (faith, faithfulness, belief, trust, confidence; to be persuaded or come to trust); from peitho (to have confidence, urge, be persuaded, agree, assure, believe, have confidence, trust). This is to believe, entrust, have faith it, affirm, have confidence in. This is less to do with a series of beliefs or doctrines that one believes and more to do with faithfulness, loyalty, and fidelity. It is trusting and then acting based on that trust.
^XI “oracles” = logion. 4x in NT. From logios (learned, eloquent, an orator); from logos (word, statement, speech, analogy; a word that carries an idea or expresses a thought, a saying; a person with a message or reasoning laid out in words; by implication, a topic, line of reasoning, or a motive; can be used for a divine utterance or as Word – Christ); from lego (to speak, tell, mention). This is a saying, oracle, or utterance.
^XII “God” = Theos. From Proto-Indo-European origins, meaning do, put, place. This is God or a god in general.

^XIII “were unfaithful” = apisteo. Related to “entrusted with” in v2. 8x in NT. From apistos (unbelieving, incredulous, faithless; someone who rejects faith); {from a (not, without) + pistos (faithful, trustworthy, reliable, sure, or true; a fullness of faith); {from peitho (see note X above)}}. This is to intentionally disbelieve, prove false. It can be one who has never believed or a believer who goes astray.
^XIV “faithlessness” = apistia. Related to “entrusted with” in v2 & “were unfaithful” in v3. 11x in NT. From apistos (see note XIII above). This is unfaithfulness, distrust, disbelief, disobedience.
^XV “nullify” = katargeo. From kata (down, against, according to, among) + argeo (to delay, linger, be at rest, be idle, do nothing); {from argos (inactive, idle, lazy, thoughtless, useless, unemployed, unprofitable) {from a (not) + ergon (word, task, action, employment)}}. This is making something inactive or bringing it to nothing. So, it could mean making something inoperative or powerless, annulling, or severing. It can also mean to make something ineffective or invalid.
^XVI “faithfulness” = pistis. Related to “entrusted with” in v2 & “were unfaithful” and “faithlessness” in v3. See note X above.

^XVII “by no means” = me + ginomai. Ginomai is to come into being, to happen, become, be born. It can be to emerge from one state or condition to another or is coming into being with the sense of movement or growth.
^XVIII “human” = anthropos. Probably from aner (man, male, husband) + ops (eye, face); {from optanomai (to appear, be seen); perhaps from horao (become, seem, appear)}. This is human, humankind. Used for all genders.
^XIX “liar” = pseustes. 10x in NT. From the same as pseudomai (to lie, deceive, falsify). This is liar, one who deceives or distorts.
^XX “proved” = ginomai. Same as “by no means” in v4. See note XVII above.
^XXI “true” = alethes. From a (not) + lanthano (concealed, hidden, unnoticed; to shut one’s eyes to, unwittingly, unawares). This is true, unconcealed; true because it is in concert with fact and reality – attested. Literally, what cannot be hidden; truth stands up to test and scrutiny and is undeniable, authentic.

^XXII “is written” = grapho. This is to write or describe. It is where the word “graphic” comes from.
^XXIII “be justified” = diakioo. From dikaios (correct, righteous – implies innocent; this is that which conforms to God’s notion of justice, uprightness); From dike (the principle of justice; that which is right in a way that is very clear; a decision or the execution of that decision; originally, this word was for custom or usage; evolved to include the process of law, judicial hearing, execution of sentence, penalty, and even vengeance; more commonly, it refers to what is right); may be from deiknumi (to show, point out, exhibit; figurative for teach, demonstrate, make known). This is to be righteous, plead the cause of, justify, acquit. Properly, it is being approved, particularly carrying the weight of a legal judgment. It is upright, render just, or innocent.
^XXIV “words” = logos. Related to “oracles” in v2. See note XI above.

^XXV “prevail” = nikao. From nike (victory, conquest; figurative for what makes one successful). This is to have victory, overcome, conquer, or prevail. It implies a victory that follows a battle. This root is part of “Nicodemus’s” name and it is also the root where Nike comes from.
^XXVI “go to trial” = krino. To judge, decide, think good, condemn, determine, pass judgment, stand trial, sue. This is judging whether it is done in court or in a private setting. Properly, it refers to mentally separating or distinguishing an issue – to come to a choice or decision, to judge positively or negatively in seeking what is right or wrong, who is innocent or guilty. It can imply trying, condemning, punishing, or avenging.
^XXVII “injustice” = adikia. Related to “be justified” in v4. From adikos (unjust, unrighteous, wicked, treacherous); {from a (not, without) + dike (see note XXIII above)}. This is injustice, unrighteousness, of some other kind of harm or wrong. It is justice in a legal setting or a morally wrong action or character.
^XXVIII “confirm” = sunistemi. 16x in NT. From sun (with, together with) + histemi (to stand, place, establish, appoint, stand ready, be steadfast). This is to establish, exhibit, demonstrate, stand together, prove.

^XXIX “justice” = dikaiosune. Related to “be justified” in v4 & “injustice” in v5. From dikaios (see note XXIII above). This is judicial or divine approval of character or action. This is righteousness, justice, justness, divine righteousness.
^XXX “say” = ereo. Perhaps from rheo (to say, speak of, command). This is to say, tell, speak, mean, command.
^XXXI “unjust” = adikos. Related to “be justified” in v4 & “injustice” and “justice” in v5. 12x in NT. See note XXVII above.
^XXXII “inflict” = epiphero. 2x in NT. From epi (on, upon, at, what is fitting) + phero (to bear, bring, lead, make known publicly; to carry in a literal or figurative sense). This is to bring upon, impose, accuse.
^XXXIII “wrath” = orge. From orgao (something that teems or stews; anger rising from prolonged personal contact that is fixed rather than an angry outburst; anger that stems from an individual’s sense of right and wrong, justice, etc.) or from orego (to stretch out towards, yearn for, aspire to, desire). This is impulse, wrath, anger, passion, punishment. Properly, this is fixed anger from ongoing personal irritation caused by something the one getting angry sees as unjust or evil. Wrath implies punishment. Can refer to human or divine wrath.

^XXXIV “speak” = lego. Related to “oracles” in v2 & “words” in v4. See note XI above.
^XXXV “judge” = krino. Same as “go to trial” in v4. See note XXVI above.
^XXXVI “world” = kosmos. Perhaps from the base of komizo (to carry, convey, recover); from komeo (to take care of). This is order, the world, the universe, including its inhabitants. Literally, this is something that is ordered so it can refer to all creation. It can also refer to decoration in the sense that something is better ordered and, thus, made more beautiful. This is where “cosmos” and “cosmetics” come from.
^XXXVII “falsehood” = pseusma. Related to “liar” in v4. 1x in NT. From pseudomai (to lie, deceive, falsify). This is a lie or fabrication.
^XXXVIII “truthfulness” = aletheia. Related to “true” in v4. From alethes (see note XXI above). Truth is literally that which is not or cannot be concealed. This word covers more than the sense of true versus false. It spoke of truth as that which corresponds to reality – reality as opposed to illusion. Thus, it includes, sincerity, straightforwardness, and reality itself.

^XXXIX “abounds” = perisseuo. Related to “advantage” in v1. From perissos (see note I above). This is more than what is ordinary or necessary. It is abounding, overflowing, being leftover, going above and beyond. It is super-abounding in number or quality.
^XL “glory” = doxa. From dokeo (to have an opinion, seem, appear, suppose; a personal judgment; to think); from dokos (opinion). This is literally something that evokes a good opinion – something that connects to our understanding of intrinsic worth. The ultimate expression of this is, of course, God and God’s manifestation. So, this is opinion, honor, and dignity, but also praise, glory, renown, and worship.
^XLI “sinner” = hamartolos. From hamartano (to miss the mark, do wrong, make a mistake, sin); {from a (not) + meros (a part or share)}. This is sinning, sinful, sinner. It referred to missing the mark or falling short. The term was also used in archery for missing the target.

^XLII “slander” = blasphemeo. From blasphemos (blasphemer, reviler, reviling; speaking slander or evil); {from perhaps blapto (to harm or to hinder) + pheme (saying, news, rumor, fame) {from phemi (to say, declare, speak comparatively through contrasts, bring to light); from phao (to shine)}}. This is to slander, malign, hurl abuse, speak against, blaspheme, or defame. It is speaking evil or abusive language – not acknowledging what is good or worth reverence/respect.
^XLIII “saying” = phemi. Related to “slander” in v7. See note XLII above.
^XLIV “say” = lego. Same as “speak” in v5. See note XXXIV above.

^XLV “do” = poieo. This is to make, do, act, construct, abide, or cause.
^XLVI “evil” = kakos. This is bad, evil, harm, ill. It is evil that is part of someone’s core character – intrinsic, rotted, worthless, depraved, causing harm. It refers to deep inner malice that comes from a rotten character. Can be contrasted with the Greek poneros, which is that which bears pain – a focus on the miseries and pains that come with evil. Also contrasting the Greek sapros, which deals with falling away from a previously embodied virtue.
^XLVII “good” = agathos. This is good, a benefit, or a good thing. It is good by its very nature, intrinsically good. A different word, kalos, refers to external signs of goodness.
^XLVIII “come” = erchomai. This is to come or go.

^XLIX “judgment” = krima. Related to “go to trial” in v4. From krino (see note XXVI above). This is judgment, sentence, verdict. Sometimes, this can have a negative sense – condemnation. It is the decision and the full force of its effect negative and positive.
^L “is” = eimi. This is to be, exist.
^LI “deserved” = endikos. Related to “be justified” in v4 & “injustice” and “justice” and “unjust” in v5. From en (in, on, at, by, with) + dike (see note XXIII above). This is righteous, just.
^LII “are…better off” = proecho. 1x in NT. From pro (before, earlier than, ahead, prior) + echo (to have, hold, possess). This is to project, excel, be better.
^LIII “at all” = pantos. Related to “every” in v2. 9x in NT. From pas (see note VI above). This is entirely, all, altogether, undoubtedly.

^LIV “have already charge” = proaitiaomai. 1x in NT. From pro (before, earlier than, ahead, prior) + aitia (a cause or reason; a legal crime, accusation, guilt, or case); {from aiteo (to ask, demand, beg, desire)}. This is to accuse or charge beforehand.
^LV “all” = pas. Same as “every” in v2. See note VI above.
^LVI “Greeks” = Hellen. From Hellas (Hellas, what Greeks called themselves); perhaps from helane (torch) OR from selene (moon). This is Greek, but was used for Gentiles, broader populations that spoke Greek and were a part of Greek culture regardless of their heritage. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_(given_name)
^LVII “sin” = hamartia. Related to “sinner” in v7. From hamartano (see note XLI above). Literally, this means not having one’s share or portion – like not receiving inheritance or what was allotted to you. This word means missing the mark so it is used for guilt, fault, and acts of sin.

^LVIII “righteous” = dikaios. Related to “be justified” in v4 & “injustice” and “justice” and “unjust” in v5 & “deserved” in v8. See note XXIII above.
^LIX “one” = heis. This is one, a person, only, some.
^LX “has understanding” = suniemi. From sun (with, together with) + hiemi (to send, put). This is to put together – used figuratively to mean understand, consider, gain insight. It is bringing together facts or notions and synthesizing them into a whole. It is making a summary to arrive at a final conclusion that includes how to apply the insight to life. It can also imply acting piously or being wise.
^LXI “seeks” = ekzeteo. 7x in NT. From ek (from, from out of) + zeteo (to seek, search for, desire. searching for something by inquiring or investigation; to seek in a literal or figurative sense; to worship God). This is to seek out, inquire, investigate, crave. It can also mean to worship.

^LXII “turned aside” = ekklino. 3x in NT – 2x in Romans & 1x in 1 Peter. From ek (from, from out of) + klino (to slant, rest, recline, approach an end, wear; to bend in a literal or figurative sense – to lay down, a day ending, causing an opposing army to flee). This is to turn away, avoid, deviate, bend from, exclude, shun.
^LXIII “together” = hama. 10x in NT. This is closely related – at once, together, at the same time.
^LXIV “become worthless” = achreioo. 1x in NT. From achreios (unneeded, unprofitable, unworthy, useless); {from a (not, without) + chreios (useful) OR + chre (what is proper, fitting, or necessary); {from chraomai (to use, make use of, give what is needed, act in a specific way, request)}}. This is to spoil, make sour, to cause to be useless or unprofitable.
^LXV “shows” = poieo. Same as “do” in v8. See note XLV above.
^LXVI “kindness” = chrestotes. Related to “become worthless” in v12. 10x in NT. From chrestos (useful, good, well-fitted, benevolent, kind, gracious; also a name given to slaves in the ancient world); from chraomai (see note LXIV above). This is properly useable, good or ready for service – just what one needs to meet real needs. Figuratively, this speaks of moral excellence, strong character, uprightness, kindness, integrity.

^LXVII “throats” = larugx. 1x in NT. This is throat. It is where the word “larynx” comes from.
^LXVIII “opened” = anoigo. From ana (up, back, again, among, between, anew) + oigo (to open). This is to open in literal or figurative sense.
^LXIX “graves” = taphos. 7x in NT. From thapto (to bury, hold a funeral). This is a burial place such as a grave, sepulcher, or tomb.
^LXX “tongues” = glossa. Root refers to a point that sticks out. This is tongue in a literal sense, but can also refer to language or a nation that speaks a different language. Figuratively, it can also refer to speaking in tongues or speech inspired by the Spirit.
^LXXI “use…to deceive” = dolioo. 1x in NT. From dolios (deceitful, fraudulent); from dolos (literally bait, but used figuratively for treachery, stealth, guile, or deceit); from dello (probably to decoy). This is to lure with bait or prey on so as to deceive.

^LXXII “venom” = ios. Related to “has understanding” in v11. 3x in NT. Perhaps from eimi (to go) OR hiemi (see note LX above). This can be rust, venom, or an arrow.
^LXXIII “vipers” = aspis. 1x in NT. This is a round shield, asp, cobra. It is where the word “asp” comes from.
^LXXIV “lips” = cheilos. 7x in NT. Perhaps from the same as chasma (chasm, gap, gulf); from chasko (to yawn); from chao (to gape, yawn). This is lip, edge, shore, mouth, language.
^LXXV “mouths” = stoma. Related to “circumcision” in v1. Perhaps from tomoteros (see note IV above). This is mouth, speech, language, the tip of a sword, an opening in the ground.
^LXXVI “are full” = gemo. 11x in NT. This is to be full, swell, at capacity, actions taken to fulfill a goal.
^LXXVII “cursing” = ara. 1x in NT. Perhaps from airo (raise, take up, lift, remove). This is a prayer or curse.
^LXXVIII “bitterness” = pikria. 4x in NT. From pikros (bitter, sharp, pungent, malignant; acrid in a literal or figurative sense); from pegnumi (to fasten, to set up a tent). This is bitterness or harshness or poison. Figuratively, it is being embittered or resentful,

^LXXIX “feet” = pous. This is foot in a literal or figurative sense.
^LXXX “swift” = oxus. 8x in NT. From akmen (even now, still yet); from the same as akmazo (ripe, to be vigorous); from acme (point, edge); related to ake (a point). This is sharp edge, swift, eager, rapid.
^LXXXI “shed” = ekcheo. From ek (from, from out of) + cheo (to pour). This is something poured out in a liberal fashion. So, it is gushing, spilling, or shedding.
^LXXXII “blood” = haima. This is blood in a literal sense as bloodshed. Figuratively, it can also be used to refer to wine or to kinship (being related).

^LXXXIII “ruin” = suntrimma. 1x in NT. From suntribo (break in pieces, bruise, shatter, or crush completely); {from sun (with, together with) + the same as tribos (worn track or path like a rut that is formed from rubbing i.e. steady use; also road or highway); {from tribo (to rub or thresh)}}. This is a fracture, calamity, destruction.
^LXXXIV “misery” = talaiporia. 2x in NT. From talaiporos (miserable, afflicted, wretched, one undergoing a trial. It is ongoing suffering that results in deep misery, heavy side effects); {from talao (to bear, undergo, be steadfast) + poros (a callous); {from pentheo (grieving a death; figuratively, loss of hope or end of a relationship; embodied grief that is readily apparent; grief as a feeling or the act of grieving); from penthos (mourning, sorrow, sadness, grief)} OR from peira (trial, experiment, attempt, experience, assaying); from the base of peran (over, beyond, across); akin to pera (on the far side); from a derivative or peiro (to pierce)}}. This is hard work, distress, calamity, affliction.
^LXXXV “paths” = hodos. This is way, road, path, or journey. It can imply progress along a route.

^LXXXVI “way” = hodos. Same as “paths” in v16. See note LXXXV above.
^LXXXVII “peace” = eirene. Perhaps from eiro (to join, tie together to form a whole). This is one, peace, quietness, rest, peace of mind, harmony. Peace was a common farewell among Jews (i.e. shalom) and this well-wishing included a blessing of health and wholeness for the individual. This word also indicates wholeness and well-being – when everything that is essential is joined together properly. This is peace literally or figuratively. By implication, it is prosperity (but not in the sense of excessive wealth. Prosperity would have meant having enough from day to day.)
^LXXXVIII “known” = ginosko. This is to know, recognize, realize, perceive, learn. It is knowledge gained through personal experience.
^LXXXIX “fear” = phobos. From phebomai (to flee, withdraw, be put to flight). This is panic flight, fear, fear being caused, terror, alarm, that which causes fear, reverence, respect.
^XC “eyes” = ophthalmos. Related to “human” in v4. From optanomai (see note XVIII above). This is eye or sight. It is used figuratively for the mind’s eye, a vision, or for envy.

^XCI “know” = eido. This is to know, consider perceive, appreciate, behold, or remember. It means seeing with one’s eyes, but also figuratively, it means perceiving – seeing that becomes understanding. So, by implication, this means knowing or being aware.
^XCII “law” = nomos. From nemo (to parcel out). Literally, this is that which is assigned. It can be usage, custom, or law. This word can be used for human or divine law. It can be used specifically for the law of Moses or as a name for the Torah (the first five books of the Bible). Sometimes it is used for scripture as a whole, used of the Gospel, or of any theology. It is also used for the “tradition of the elders,” which would be the oral Torah – the tradition of the laws plus their interpretations as they were passed down over time. We must carefully consider which meaning of “law” is meant when we interpret passages the word is found in.
^XCIII “says” = lego. Same as “speak” in v5. See note XXXIV above.

^XCIV “speaks” = laleo. From lalos (talkative). This is to talk, say, or preach.
^XCV “silenced” = phrasso. 3x in NT. Perhaps from phren (diaphragm, heart, intellect, understanding; figurative for personal opinion or inner mindset; thought regulating action; sympathy, feelings, cognition); perhaps from phrao (to rein in or curb). This is to stop, fence in, or obstruct, silence.
^XCVI “whole” = pas. Same as “every” in v2. See note VI above.
^XCVII “be” = ginomai. Same as “by no means” in v4. See note XVII above.
^XCVIII “held accountable” = hupodikos. Related to “be justified” in v4 & “injustice” and “justice” and “unjust” in v5 & “deserved” in v8 & “righteous” in v10. 1x in NT. From hupo (by, under, about, subordinate to) + dike (see note XXIII above). This is liable or answerable to. It can also mean condemned, guilty.

^XCIX {untranslated} = pas. Same as “every” in v2. See note VI above.
^C “human” = sarx. May be from saroo (to sweep, cleanse by sweeping); from sairo (to brush off). This is flesh, the body, human nature, materiality, kindred. Flesh is not always evil in scripture (as when it refers to Jesus taking on a human body). However, it is generally used in a negative way for actions made selfishly and not through faith. This can mean animal flesh, i.e. meat, or refer to body in contrast to soul/spirit. Flesh can be a way of talking about how things or people are related or talking about human frailty (physical or moral).
^CI “before” = enopios. Related to “human” in v4 & “eyes” in v18. From en (in, on, at, by, with) + ops (see note XVIII above). This is literally “in sight of.” It means before in a literal or figurative sense.

^CII “deeds” = ergon. Related to “nullify” in v3. See note XV above.
^CIII “knowledge” = epignosis. Related to “known” in v17. From epiginosko (to perceive, discern, acknowledge, recognize, know exactly because of direct interaction); {from epi (on, upon, what is fitting) + ginosko (see note LXXXVIII above)}. This is knowledge, intuition, or discernment. It is firsthand knowledge of someone or something gained through contact or experience. This is full discernment or true knowledge.
^CIV “now” = nuni. From nun (simply now, at the present moment, immediately; now as the logical next step of what has already happened). This is just now, immediately.
^CV “apart from” = choris. From chora (space, land, region, fields, open area); from chasma (gap, gulf, chasm, open space); from chasko (to gape, yawn). This is apart from, separate from.

^CVI “righteousness” = dikaiosune. Same as “justice” in v5. See note XXIX above.
^CVII “disclosed” = phaneroo. Related to “slander” in v7 & “saying” in v8. From phaneros (visible, apparent, clear, shining); from phos (light, a source of light, fire, or radiance; light with specific reference to what it reveals; luminousness whether natural or artificial, abstract or concrete, literal or figurative); from phao (see note XLII above). This is to make visible or clear, to make known. Properly, it is to illumine and so to make apparent or bring into open view.
^CVIII “attested” = martureo. From martus (a witness whether having heard or seen something; witness literally, judicially, or figuratively; by analogy, a martyr). This is to bear witness, testify, give evidence. It is to testify in a literal or figurative sense.
^CIX “Prophets” = prophetes. Related to “slander” in v7 & “saying” in v8 & “disclosed” in v21. From pro (before, in front of, earlier than) + phemi (see note XLII above). This is a prophet or poet – one who speaks with inspiration from God.

^CX “Jesus” = Iesous. From Hebrew Yehoshua (Joshua, the Lord is salvation); {from YHVH (proper name of the God of Israel; the self-existent and eternal one); {from havah (to become) or from hayah (to come to pass, become, be)} + yasha (to deliver, defend, help, preserve, rescue; properly, to be open, wide or free, which implies being safe. So, in a causative sense, this is to free someone)}. This is Jesus or Joshua in Greek – the Lord saves or the Lord is salvation.
^CXI “Christ” = Christos. From chrio (consecrate by anointing with oil; often done for prophets, priests, or kings). Literally, the anointed one, Christ. The Greek word for Messiah.
^CXII “believe” = pisteuo. Same as “entrusted with” in v2. See note X above.

^CXIII “distinction” = diastole. Related to “confirm” in v5. 3x in NT. From diastello (to set apart, distinguish, give a commission, order, set apart for service); {from dia (through, across to the other side, thoroughly) + stello (to set, arrange, prepare, provide for); {probably from histemi (see note XXVIII above)}}. This is difference, separation, distinction, or variation.
^CXIV “sinned” = hamartano. Related to “sinner” in v7 & “sin” in v9. See note XLI above.
^CXV “fall short” = hustereo. 16x in NT– same verb used by the rich young man when he asks Jesus what do I still lack? (Mt 19:20); used in the parable of the prodigal son to describe him as impoverished (Lk 15:14); used when the wine ran out at the wedding at Cana (Jn 2:3); all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God (Rom 3:23); used in describing the body of Christ – that we give greater honor to the inferior member (1 Cor 12:24). From husteros (last, later). This is to fall behind, come late, be interior, suffer need, be left out., to fail to meet a goal.

^CXVI “grace” = charis. From chairo (to rejoice, be glad; used to say hello; properly, delighting in the grace of God or experiencing God’s favor); from char– (to extend favor, lean towards, be inclined to be favorable towards). This is grace, kindness, favor, gratitude, thanks. It is the sense of being inclined to or favorable towards – leaning towards someone to share some good or benefit. This can be literal, figurative, or spiritual. It is grace as abstract concept, manner, or action.
^CXVII “as a gift” = dorean. 9x in NT. From dorea (a free gift given voluntarily and not received by merit or entitlement; emphasizes the benevolence of the giver); from doron (gift, offering, sacrifice; emphasizes that the gift is given freely, voluntarily); from didomi (to give in a literal or figurative sense). This is freely, without purpose, a free gift, unearned not for merit or obligation. It is freely in a literal or figurative sense.
^CXVIII “redemption” = apolutrosis. 10x in NT. From apo (from, away from) + lutroo (to redeem, liberate, release because ransom was paid in full; figuratively, returning something or someone to their rightful owner) [from lutron (ransom, the money used to free slaves; also a sacrifice of expiation; figurative for atonement); from luo (to loose, release, untie; figuratively, to break, destroy, or annul; releasing what had been withheld)]. This is redemption, deliverance, or release particularly with the notion of ransom paid – a buying back what had been lost.

^CXIX “put forward” = protithemi. 3x in NT. From pro (before, first, in front of, earlier) + tithemi (to place, lay, set, establish). This is to set before, intent, determine, display publicly. It is to exhibit something to achieve a particular goal.
^CXX “sacrifice of atonement” = hilasterion. Related to “cursing” in v14. 2x in NT. From hilaskomai (to make propitiation i.e. a sacrifice of atonement, to be merciful, reconcile, forgive, show favor); from the same as hileos (forgiving, merciful, gracious, cheerful as benevolent; a way to say “far be it”); from hilaos (gracious, benevolent); perhaps from haireomai (to take, choose, or prefer); probably related to airo (see note LXXVII above). This is a sin offering, propitiation, whether a place or object. So, it can also refer to the cover of the ark of the covenant.
^CXXI “demonstrate” = endeixis. Related to “be justified” in v4 & “injustice” and “justice” and “unjust” in v5 & “deserved” in v8 & “righteous” in v10 & “held accountable” in v19. 4x in NT. From endeiknumi (to prove, demonstrate, show by word or deed); {from en (in, on, at, by, with, among) + deiknumi (see note XXIII above)}. This is a proof, sign, demonstration, display.

^CXXII “divine” = Theos. Same as “God” in v2. See note XII above.
^CXXIII “forbearance” = anoche. Related to “are…better off” in v9. 2x in NT. From anecho (to endure, bear with, tolerate, persist, put up with); {from ana (up, again, back, among, anew) + echo (to have, hold, possess)}. This is delaying, patience, tolerance. It can specifically refer to a punishment being delayed or to self-restraint.
^CXXIV “passed over” = paresis. Related to “has understanding” in v11 & “venom” in v13. 1x in NT. From pariemi (to slacken, relax, neglect, be present, pass); {from para (beside, by, in the presence of) + hiemi (see note LX above)}. This is letting go, release, overlooking, toleration.

^CXXV “sins” = hamartema. Related to “sinner” in v7 & “sin” in v9 & “sinned” in v23. 4x in NT. From hamartano (see note XLI above). This is sin, evil deed – the pain that results from sin.
^CXXVI “previously committed” = proginomai. Related to “by no means” in v4. 1x in NT. From pro (before, first, in front of, earlier) + ginomai (see note XVII above). This is to happen before or to come about from what went on earlier.
^CXXVII “present” = nun. Related to “now” in v21. See note CIV above.
^CXXVIII “time” = kairos. This is season, opportunity, occasion. The word chronos is used for chronological time. Kairos is used for spiritually significant time – the right time or appointed time.

^CXXIX “boasting” = kauchesis. 11x in NT. From kauchaomai (literally holding one’s head high – to boast proudly or to glory, joy, exult, rejoice; boasting in a positive or negative sense); {perhaps from auxen (neck)} + euchomai (to pray, wish, or will). This can be boasting, glorying, or rejoicing. It can be boasting in a positive or negative sense.
^CXXX “excluded” = ekkleio. 2x in NT. From ek (from, from out of) + kleio (to close, lock, shut). This is to shut out or separate.
^CXXXI “works” = ergon. Same as “deeds” in v20. See note CII above.
^CXXXII “hold” = logizomai. Related to “oracles” in v2 & “words” in v4 & “speak” in v5. From logos (see note XI above). This is this is to compute or reckon up, to count; figuratively, it is coming to a conclusion or decision using logic; taking an inventory in a literal or figurative sense.
^CXXXIII “person” = anthropos. Same as “human” in v4. See note XVIII above.

^CXXXIV “only” = monon. From monos (alone, single, remaining, mere, desolate); from meno (to stay, abide, wait, endure). This is merely, only, simply, sole. It can also imply alone.
^CXXXV “gentiles” = ethnos. Probably from etho (a custom or culture). This is people who are united by having similar customs or culture. Generally, it is used to refer to Gentiles. This is a tribe, race, nation, or Gentiles in general. This is where the term “ethnicity” comes from.
^CXXXVI “yes” = nai. This is yes, truly, indeed. It is a strong affirmation.
^CXXXVII “uncircumcised” = akrobustia. Perhaps from akron (end, tip, top, extreme); {related to akantha (thorn bush, thorn); from ake (point, edge)} + posthe (penis). This is foreskin – so, someone who is not circumcised or a Gentile.
^CXXXVIII “overthrow” = katargeo. Same as “nullify” in v3. See note XV above.
^CXXXIX “uphold” = histemi. Related to “confirm” in v5 & “distinction” in v22. See note XXVIII above.