1 Samuel 8

^I {untranslated} = hayah. This is to be or become, to happen.
^II “Samuel” = Shemuel. From shem (name, fame, renown; indicating something essential about a person; honor, authority, or character); {may be from sim (to put, place, set)} + El (God, a god) OR from shama (hear, call, consent, or consider; implies listening intelligently, giving attention; obedience and action are often implied) + El (God, a god).This is Samuel meaning either the “name of God” or “heard of God.”
^III “became old” = zaqen. From the same as zaqan (beard or chin – the beard represents old age). This is to be old or grow old.

^IV “made” = sim. Related to “Samuel” in v1. See note II above.
^V “sons” = ben. From banah (to build or obtain children). This is son, age, child. It is son in a literal or figurative sense.
^VI “judges” = shaphat. This is to judge, defend, pronounce judgment, condemn, or govern. It can refer to God judging or to human judges. This is pronouncing a verdict in favor or against so it implies consequences or punishment. It can also mean to litigate or govern as one with authority.
^VII “Israel” = Yisrael. Related to “Samuel” in v1. From sarah (to persist, exert oneself, contend, persevere, wrestle, prevail) + El (see note II above). This is Israel, meaning God strives or one who strives with God; new name for Jacob and for his offspring. This refers to the people and to the land.

^VIII “name” = shem. Related to “Samuel” and “made” in v1. See note II above.
^IX “firstborn” = bekor. From bakar (to bear fruit, be firstborn, firstling, that which opens the womb, give the birthright to). This is firstborn or chief.
^X “was” = hayah. Same as {untranslated} in v1. See note I above.
^XI “Joel” = Yoel. Related to {untranslated} in v1 & to “Samuel” and “Israel” in v1. 19x in OT. From YHVH (the name of the God of Israel, the self-existent and eternal one, the tetragrammaton; pronunciation has been lost to time so “Lord” is generally used in its place); {from havah (to be, become) or hayah (see note I above)} + El (see note II above). This is Joel, which means “the Lord is God.”

^XII “second” = mishneh. From shanah (to fold, repeat, double, alter, or disguise). This is double, second, next, duplicate. It can also be second in rank or age.
^XIII “Abijah” = Abiyyah. Related to {untranslated} in v1 & “Joel” in v2. From ab (father, chief, ancestor; father in a literal or figurative sense) + Yah (the shortened form of the name of the God of Israel; God, Lord); {from YHVH (see note XI above)}. This is Abijah or Abiah, a name that means “the Lord is my father,” which is to say someone who worships the Lord.
^XIV “were judges” = shaphat. Same as “judges” in v1. See note VI above.
^XV “Beer-sheba” = Beerah shaba. From beer (a well or pit); {from baar (to make plain; to dig; can also mean to engrave or figuratively to explain)} + perhaps from shaba (to swear, curse, vow, make a covenant; properly, to be complete; this is to seven oneself – as in affirming something so strongly it is as though it were said seven times) {perhaps from sheba (seven – the number of perfection/sacred fullness)}. This is Beersheba – meaning either “well of seven” or “well of an oath.”

^XVI “follow” = halak. This is go, come, walk. It is walk literally and figuratively and includes people and animals. It can be used figuratively for one’s moral life – how we walk according to God’s way or against it. It can also refer to the walk of life as in the course one’s life takes, the choices we make, etc.
^XVII “ways” = derek. From darak (to tread, march, to walk. Can also mean affixing a string to a box since one needs to step on it to bend it in the process; so also an archer). This is a road as a thing that is walked on. Can be used figuratively for the path that one’s life takes or how one chooses to live one’s life.
^XVIII “turned aside” = natah. This is to stretch or spread out, to extend, or bend. In can also imply moral deflection.
^XIX “after” = achar. From achar (to remain behind, linger, continue, be behind, or delay; can also imply procrastination). This is after or the last part, following.
^XX “gain” = betsa. From batsa (to break or cut off, to acquire violently, break ranks, greedy, fulfill; usually, it means to plunder). This is dishonest gain or gain from violence. It can also be plunder or profit.

^XXI “took” = laqach. This is to take, accept, carry away, receive. It can also have the sense of take a wife or take in marriage.
^XXII “bribes” = shochad. From shachad (to give a present, reward, or bribe; to donate or hire). This is a present, reward, or bribe. It is some kind of donation positive or negative.
^XXIII “perverted” = natah. Same as “turned aside” in v3. See note XVIII above.
^XXIV “justice” = mishpat. Related to “judges” in v1. From shaphat (see note VI above). This is a verdict or formal sentence whether from humans or from God. It includes the act of judging as well as the place that judging takes place, the suit itself, and the penalty. Abstractly, this is justice, which includes the rights of the participants.

^XXV “all” = kol. From kalal (to complete). This is all or every.
^XXVI “elders” = zaqen. Related to “became old” in v1. From the same as zaqan (see note III above). This is old, aged, or elder.
^XXVII “gathered together” = qabats. This is to collect, assemble, heap, grasp, or gather.
^XXVIII “came” = bo. This is to enter, come in, advance, fulfill, bring offerings, enter to worship, attack. It can also have a sexual connotation.
^XXIX “Ramah” = Ramah. From rum (to be high, rise, exalt self, extol, be haughty; to rise literally or figuratively) OR from ramah (properly, to loosen; figuratively, to deceive to various degrees). This is Ramah, meaning “height” or “lofty place” or “deceit” or “established” or “loose.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Ramah.html

^XXX “said” = amar. This is to speak, say, answer, command, promise, report.
^XXXI {untranslated} = hinneh. From hen (lo! Behold! If, though; an expression of surprise). This is to draw attention, show suddenness or surprise, or to emphasize the importance of the coming statement. See! Lo! Behold!
^XXXII “appoint” = sim. Same as “made” in v1. See note IV above.
^XXXIII “then” = attah. Perhaps from et (a period or season; whenever or continually); probably from anah (to answer, sing, announce); from ad (forever, all, old); from adah (to pass on, advance, decorate oneself). This is now, from now on.

^XXXIV “king” = melek. From malak (to be or become king or queen, to rise to the throne, to be crowned; by implication, to take counsel). This is king or royal.
^XXXV “govern” = shaphat. Same as “judges” in v1. See note VI above.
^XXXVI “other” = kol. Same as “all” in v4. See note XXV above.
^XXXVII“nations” = goy. From the same root as gevah (the back, person, or body); related to gev (among); related to gaah (to rise up). This is nation or people. Often used to refer to Gentiles or foreign nations. It can also be used figuratively for a group of animals. This is where the Yiddish “goy” comes from.

^XXXVIII “thing” = dabar. From dabar (to speak, declare, discuss). This is speech, a word, a matter, an affair, charge, command, message, promise, purpose, report, request. It is a word, which implies things that are spoken of in a wide sense.
^XXXIX “displeased” = ra’a’. This is to be evil, bad, afflict. Properly, it means to spoil – to destroy by breaking into pieces. Figuratively, it is to cause something to be worthless. It is bad in a physical, social, or moral sense – something that displeases, does harm or mischief, punishes or vexes.
^XL {untranslated} = ayin. This is eye in a literal or figurative sense so eye, appearance, favor, or a fountain (the eye of the landscape).
^XLI “give” = natan. This is to give, put, set, offer. It is to give literally or figuratively.

^XLII “prayed” = palal. This is to judge for oneself or in an official capacity. It can also mean to pray or make supplication, to entreat.
^XLIII “Lord” = YHVH. Related to {untranslated} in v1 & “Joel” and “Abijah” in v2. See note XI above.
^XLIV “listen” = shama. Related to “Samuel” in v1. See note II above.
^XLV “voice” = qol. This is a sound, used often for human voices. Also used when God speaks or angels, animals or instruments. It can be a cry or a noise, thunder or earthquakes and so on.
^XLVI “people” = am. From amam (to darken, hide, associate; creating shadows by huddling together). This is people or nation. It can be used specifically for a tribe, collectively of troops or armies, or figuratively to refer to a flock of animals.

^XLVII “rejected” = ma’as. This is to reject, refuse, despise. It can also be to disappear or melt away.
^XLVIII “being king” = malak. Related to “king” in v5. See note XXXIV above.
^XLIX “just as” = kol + maaseh. Literally, “according to all the works.” Kol is the same as “all” in v4. See note XXV above. Maaseh is from asah (to do, make, accomplish, become). This is a work – any action whether positive or negative. It can also be a transaction, construction, activity, property, or something that is produced.
^L “done” = asah. Related to “just as” in v8. See note XLIX above.
^LI “day” = yom. Root may mean being hot. This is the day in a literal or figurative sense. It can also mean birth, age, daylight, continually or other references to time.

^LII “brought…up” = alah. This is to go up, approach, ascend, be high, be a priority; to arise in a literal or figurative sense.
^LIII “Egypt” = Mitsrayim. Perhaps from matsor (besieged or fortified place, bulwark, entrenchment; something hemmed in; a siege or distress or fastness); from tsur (to confine, besiege, to cramp). This is Egypt.
^LIV “forsaking” = azab. To loosen, relinquish, permit, forsake, fail, leave destitute.
^LV “serving” = abad. This is to work, serve, or compel. It can describe any kind of work or service (including religious devotion).  Also, till or cultivate. Used causatively, it can mean to enslave or keep in bondage.
^LVI “other” = acher. Related to “after” in v3. From achar (see note XIX above). This is following, next, strange, other.
^LVII “gods” = elohim. Related to “Samuel” and “Israel” in v1 & “Joel” in v2. From Eloah (God, a god); from El (see note II above). This is most commonly used as a name for God. Technically, it’s in the plural, i.e. gods. It can also mean great, mighty, judge, or ruler.

^LVIII “so” = ken. Perhaps from kun (properly, in a perpendicular position; literally, to establish, fix, fasten, prepare; figuratively, it is certainty, to be firm, faithfulness, render sure or prosperous). This is to set upright. Generally used figuratively to mean thus, so, afterwards, rightly so.
^LIX “also” = gam. This is also, moreover, again.
^LX “only” = ak. Related to “so” in v8. Related to aken (surely, truly, nevertheless); from kun (see note LVIII above). This is a positive statement – surely, also, certainly, alone, only.
^LXI “solemnly warn” = ud + ud. This is to repeat, return, do again. This implies testifying something since that is a repetition. It can also mean to charge, admonish, protest, relieve, restore, or lift up. The word is repeated twice – the first time as an Infinitive Absolute. The Infinitive Absolute serves to emphasize the sentiment of the word. It is rather like Foghorn Leghorn’s speech pattern, “I said, I said.”

^LXII “show” = nagad. This is to declare, make conspicuous, stand in front, manifest, predict, explain.
^LXIII “ways” = mishpat. Same as “justice” in v3. See note XXIV above.
^LXIV “reign” = malak. Same as “being king” in v7. See note XLVIII above.
^LXV “reported” = amar. Same as “said” in v5. See note XXX above.
^LXVI “words” = dabar. Same as “thing” in v6. See note XXXVIII above.
^LXVII “asking” = shaal. This is to ask, inquire, beg, borrow, desire, request. It can also mean to demand.

^LXVIII “ways” = mishpat. Same as “justice” in v3. See note XXIV above.
^LXIX “chariots” = merkabah. From merkab (chariot, saddle, covering; any seat in a vehicle); from rakab (to ride an animal or in some vehicle; also, bringing on a horse). This is a chariot.
^LXX “horsemen” = parash. From parash (to make distinct, separate, scatter; can also imply to wound). This is a horse or a person who rides a horse. A chariot driver or cavalry as a collective.
^LXXI “run” = ruts. This is to run or rush, divide quickly, bring swiftly. It can also refer to a footman or guard.
^LXXII “before” = paneh. From panah (to turn, face, appear). This is face in a literal or figurative sense. It could be face, presence, anger, respect. It can also be used of God to indicate divine favor or presence.

^LXXIII “commanders” = sar. This is chief, leader, ruler, lord, official, governor, prince, military leader. It refers to someone at the top of a rank or class.
^LXXIV “thousands” = eleph. Perhaps from the same as eleph (herd, cattle); from alaph (to learn, speak, associate with). This is thousand.
^LXXV “fifties” = chamishshim. From chamesh (five, fifth). This is fifty.
^LXXVI “plow” = charash. This is to scratch, which implies etching or plowing. It can mean to manufacture regardless of materials used. Figuratively, it can be to devise or conceal. It can also have a sense of secrecy. Hence, being silent or left alone. It can also be speechless.
^LXXVII “ground” = charish. Related to “plow” in v12. 3x in OT. From charash (see note LXXVI above). This is plowing or the season in which one plows. It can also refer to the ground.

^LXXVIII “reap” = qatsar. This is to cut down, be short, reap, curtail. It is used especially for harvesting grass or grain. Figuratively, it can mean to be discouraged or grieve.
^LXXIX “harvest” = qatsiyr. Related to “reap” in v12. From qatsar (see note LXXVIII above). This is branch, harvest, one who harvests. Properly, this means severed, reaped. It is the crop being harvested, the time of harvest or the one who harvests. It can also be a bough.
^LXXX “make” = asah. Same as “done” in v8. See note L above.
^LXXXI “implements” = keli. From kalah (to end, be finished, complete, prepare, consume, spent, or completely destroyed). This is something that was prepared – any implement, utensil, article, vessel, weapon, or instrument. Also includes jewels, weapons, bags, carriages, and furniture.
^LXXXII “war” = milchamah. From lacham (to eat or feed on; figuratively, to battle as a kind of consumption/destruction). This is battle, war, fighting, or one who fights (i.e. a warrior).

^LXXXIII “equipment” = keli. Same as “implements” in v12. See note LXXXI above.
^LXXXIV “chariots” = rekeb. Related to “chariots” in v11. From rakab (see note LXIX above). This is a vehicle, wagon, or chariot. It can be cavalry or an individual rider.
^LXXXV “daughters” = bat. Related to “sons” in v1. From ben (see note V above). This is daughter in a literal or figurative sense.
^LXXXVI “perfumers” = raqqachah. 1x in OT. From raqach (to blend oil or ointment; perfumer; apothecary; prepare or combine spices). This is perfumer or confectioner.
^LXXXVII “cooks” = tabbachah. 1x in OT. From tabbach (cook or guardsman); from tabach (to slaughter or butcher; of animals or people). This is a cook.
^LXXXVIII “bakers” = aphah. This is one who cooks or bakes – particularly one who cooks meat.

^LXXXIX “best” = tob. From tob (to be pleasing, to be good). This is good, beautiful, pleasant, agreeable, bountiful, at ease. This word is used for goodness as a concept, a good thing, a good person. This can refer to prosperity and welfare as well as joy, kindness, sweetness, and graciousness. So, this is ethically good, but also enjoyably good.
^XC “fields” = sadeh. From the same as shadday (almighty, field, land); from shadad (to devastate, ruin, destroy, oppress, be powerful). Or, it may be from a word that means to spread out. This is field, ground, soil, or land. It can be used to mean wild as in a wild animal.
^XCI “vineyards” = kerem. This is a vineyard, garden, vines, or a vintage.
^XCII “olive orchards” = zayit. This is olive tree, grove, or other parts of the olive tree like the branch or berry.
^XCIII “courtiers” = ebed. Related to “serving” in v8. From abad (see note LV above). This is a servant, slave, or bondservant.

^XCIV “take one-tenth” = asar. 9x in OT. From eser (ten or -teen). This is to tithe, to give or receive a tenth.
^XCV “grain” = zera. From zara (to sow or scatter seed; conceive or yield). This is seed or sowing. It can, thus, mean a fruit, plant, sowing time, child, offspring, or posterity.
^XCVI “officers” = saris. Root is likely foreign and may mean castrate. So, this could be a eunuch, valet, or other kind of officer.
^XCVII “male” = ebed. Same as “courtiers” in v14. See note XCIII above.
^XCVIII “female slaves” = shiphchah. Root may mean to spread out – it would be the same root used in mishpachah, which means family or clan. This is maidservant, female slave, or female bondslave.

^XCIX “cattle” = bachur. From bachar (to choose, appoint, try, excellent). This is choice, chosen, selected. It is a youth or young man.
^C “donkeys” = chamor. From chamar (to be red, blush). This is a male donkey.
^CI “put” = asah. Same as “done” in v8. See note L above.
^CII “work” = melakah. From the same as malak (messenger, an angel, or a deputy; human messengers literally or for prophets, priests, or teachers as messengers of God; also supernatural messengers i.e. angels). Properly, this is a deputyship or some kind of work. It can also be the product that comes from labor.

^CIII “flocks” = tson. This is a flock of sheep and goats.
^CIV “slaves” = ebed. Same as “courtiers” in v14. See note XCIII above.
^CV “cry out” = zaaq. This is to cry or call out. It can be a call to assemble or gather together. By analogy, this could refer to a herald who announces a public gathering. It could also be a shriek from pain or danger.
^CVI “because of” = paneh. Same as “before” in v11. See note LXXII above.
^CVII “chosen” = bachar. Related to “cattle” in v16. See note XCIX above.
^CVIII “answer” = anah. Related to “then” in v5. See note XXXIII above.

^CIX “determined to have” = hayah. Same as {untranslated} in v1. See note I above.
^CX “other” = kol. Same as “all” in v4. See note XXV above.
^CXI “go out” = yatsa. This is to go or come out, bring forth, appear. It is to go out in a literal or figurative sense.
^CXII “before” = paneh. Same as “before” in v11. See note LXXII above.
^CXIII “fight” = lacham. Related to “war” in v12. See note LXXXII above.
^CXIV “battles” = milchamah. Same as “war” in v12. See note LXXXII above.

^CXV “heard” = shama. Same as “listen” in v7. See note XLIV above.
^CXVI “repeated” = dabar. Related to “thing” in v6. See note XXXVIII above.
^CXVII “ears” = ozen. This is ear, hearing, audience, show. Properly, it is broadness – applied to its ear in reference to its shape.
^CXVIII “set” = malak. Same as “being king” in v7. See note XLVIII above.

^CXIX “Israelites” = ish + Yisrael. Literally, “men of Israel.” Ish is perhaps from enosh (human, humankind, mortal); from anash (to be weak, sick, or frail). This is man, husband, another, or humankind. Yisrael is the same as “Israel” in v1. See note VII above.
^CXX “each” = ish. Same as “Israelites” in v22. See note CXIX above.
^CXXI “return” = halak. Same as “follow” in v3. See note XVI above.
^CXXII “home” = iyr. From uwr (to awaken or wake oneself up). This can mean excitement in the sense of wakefulness or city. Properly, this is a place that is guarded. Guards kept schedules according to watches. This sense of the word would include cities as well as encampments or posts that were guarded.