Daniel 6:6-27

Daniel 6:6-27
Narrative Lectionary

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So the administratorsI and satrapsII conspiredIII

Notes on verse 6a

I “administrators” = sarak. 5x in OT – all in Daniel 6. Aramaic – perhaps a loanword from Persian s’r (head, chief). This is chief, administrator, or overseer.
II “satraps” = achashdarpenin. 9x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew achashdarpan (satrap, lieutenant; an official over a province in the Persian Empire); from Persian khshatrapavan (literally, “protector of the province”). This is a satrap or prince. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satrap
III “conspired” = regash. 3x in OT – all in Daniel 6. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew ragash (to uproar, rage, in tumult). This is to assemble, gather, or be like something in tumult.

and came to the kingIV andV saidVI to him,

Notes on verse 6b

IV “king” = melek. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew melek (king, royal); from malak (to be or become king or queen, to rise to the throne, to be crowned; by implication, to take counsel). This is king or royal.
V {untranslated} = ken. 8x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew ken (to set upright; generally used figuratively to mean thus, so, afterwards, rightly so); perhaps from kun (properly, in a perpendicular position; literally, to establish, fix, fasten, prepare; figuratively, it is certainty, to be firm, faithfulness, render sure or prosperous). This is thus or as follows.
VI “said” = amar. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew amar (to say, answer, challenge). This is to say, declare, command, etc.

“O King Darius,VII liveVIII forever!IX 

Notes on verse 6c

VII “Darius” = Dareyavesh. 15x in OT. Aramaic from Old Persian Darayush (Darius); from Darayavahush (“he who holds firm the good(ness”); {from Daraya (holder) + vau (goodness)}. This is Darius or Darajevesh. It was not a personal name. Rather it was a title given to some Persian kings. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_the_Great
VIII “live” = chaya. 6x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew chayah (to live or keep alive literally or figuratively). This is to live, be spared, or preserve alive.
IX “forever” = alam. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew olam (a long scope of time whether in the past (antiquity, ancient time) or in the future (eternal, everlasting)). This is old or everlasting. It is a point of time in the distant past or indefinite future.

AllX the administrators of the kingdom,XI the prefectsXII and the satraps, the counselorsXIII

Notes on verse 7a

X “all” = kal. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew kol (all, every, everyone); from kalal (to complete). This is all, whole, any, every.
XI “kingdom” = malku. Related to “king” in v6. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew malkut (royalty, kingdom, realm, empire – the power the sovereign has); from the same as melek (see note IV above). This is kingdom, royalty, or dominion.
XII “prefects” = segan. 5x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew sagan (a prefect or official); borrowed from Assyrian shaknu (a prefect of a city or province, official); from Assyrian shakanu (to appoint). This is prefect or governor. See https://biblehub.com/commentaries/daniel/2-48.htm
XIII “counselors” = haddabar. 4x in OT. Aramaic from a Persian loan-word (meaning uncertain). This is counselor, minister, vizier.

and the governorsXIV are agreedXV that the king should establishXVI an ordinanceXVII

Notes on verse 7b

XIV “governors” = pechah. 10x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew pechah (governor, captain, official, deputy, prefect); from Assyrian loan-word bel paati (literally “lord of a district”). This is captain or governor.
XV “agreed” = y’at. 3x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew ya’ats (to counsel, advise, determine). This is to counsel, consult, counselor.
XVI “establish” = qum. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew qum (to arise, stand, accomplish, establish, abide; rising against, getting up after being sick or asleep, arising from one state to another, becoming powerful, or rising for action; standing in a figurative sense). This is to rise, establish, set up, stand.
XVII “ordinance” = qeyam. Related to “establish” in v7. 2x in OT – both in Daniel 6. Aramaic from qum (see note XVI above). This is a statue, decree, or edict.

and enforceXVIII an interdict,XIX that whoeverXX praysXXI, XXII

Notes on verse 7c

XVIII “enforce” = teqeph. 5x in OT – all in Daniel. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew taqeph (to prevail, overpower). This is to grow strong, harden, be obstinate, enforce.
XIX “interdict” = esar. 7x in OT – all in Daniel 6. Aramaic from the same as esur (band, imprisonment); Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew esur (band, chain, jail); from asar (to tie, yoke, bind, or fasten; can mean to harness an animal, to join in fighting a battle, or to imprison someone). This is interdict, injunction, or decree.
XX “whoever” = kal. Same as “all” in v7. See note X above.
XXI “prays” = bea. 12x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew baah (to inquire, search, boil, or swell out; figuratively, to sincerely desire). This is to request, ask, seek, pray.
XXII {untranslated} = bau. Related to “prays” in v7. 2x in OT – both in Daniel 6. Aramaic from bea (see note XXI above). This is prayer, petition, or request.

to anyXXIII godXXIV or human,XXV for thirtyXXVI days,XXVII

Notes on verse 7d

XXIII “any” = kal. Same as “all” in v7. See note X above.
XXIV “god” = elah. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew eloah (God, a god); from el (God, a god). This is God or a god.
XXV “human” = enash. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew enosh (human, humankind, mortal); from anash (to be weak, sick, or frail). This is human, humankind, whoever.
XXVI “thirty” = tlathiyn. 2x in OT – both in Daniel 6. Aramaic from telath (three, third); Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew shalosh (three, triad, fork). This is thirty.
XXVII “days” = yom. 16x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew yom (root may mean being hot; day in a literal or figurative sense; birth, age, daylight, continually or other references to time). This is day or a non-specific length of time.

exceptXXVIII to you, O king, shall be thrownXXIX into the denXXX of lions.XXXI 

Notes on verse 7e

XXVIII “except” = lawhen. 9x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew lahen (therefore, on account); from hen (lo! Behold! If, though; an expression of surprise). This is but, except, therefore, unless.
XXIX “thrown” = remah. 12x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew ramah (to betray, deceive, beguile, throw). This is to throw, set, assess.
XXX “den” = gob. 10x in OT – all in Daniel 6. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew geb (beam, pit, trench, well, cistern); from gub (to dig, digger). This is pit or den.
XXXI “lions” = aryeh. 10x in OT – 9x in Daniel 6 & 1x in Daniel 7. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew ari (lion); from arah (to gather, pluck). This is lion.

Now,XXXII O king, establish the interdict and signXXXIII the document,XXXIV

Notes on verse 8a

XXXII “now” = kean. Related to {untranslated} in v6. 13x in OT. Aramaic probably from anah (to answer, speak, or reply); {from Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew anah (to answer, respond, announce, sing, shout, or testify; to pay attention, which implies responding and, by extension, starting to talk; singing, shouting, testifying, etc.)} OR from Aramaic ken (thus); {Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew ken (see note V above)}. This is now.
XXXIII “sign” = resham. 7x in OT – all in Daniel 5-6. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew rasham (to inscribe, note, record). This is to inscribe, sign, or write.
XXXIV “document” = kethab.12x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew kethab (a writing, letter, scripture, record, or book); from kathab (to write, decree, describe, record). This is writing, document, inscription.

so that it cannot be changed,XXXV according to the lawXXXVI of the MedesXXXVII

Notes on verse 8b

XXXV “changed” = shena. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew shana (to change, alter). This is to change or be diverse.
XXXVI “law” = dath. 14x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew dath (law, decree, commandment, manner). This is decree or law.
XXXVII “Medes” = Maday. 5x in OT. Aramaic from Old Persian mada (a Mede); perhaps from Proto-Iranian madyah (“in the middle”). This is Maday or Madai. It is also used to refer to Media or the Medes. The Hebrew derivation may mean “measured by the Lord” or “out of abundance.” The other derivation may mean “central.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Madai.html  & https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%9C%E1%BF%86%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek

and the Persians,XXXVIII which cannot be revoked.”XXXIX ThereforeXL King Darius signed the document and interdict.

Notes on verses 8c-9

XXXVIII “Persians” = Paras. Perhaps from Old Persian Parsa (Persia); {similar to Sanskrit Parsu (a warrior tribe) or Sanskrit parasu (axe) or Proto-Iranian parcush (rib)} OR from Hebrew paras (to split, divide). This is Persia or Persian, which may mean “land of horses” or “land of divisions” or “land of science.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Persia.html & https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8E%B1%F0%90%8E%A0%F0%90%8E%BC%F0%90%8E%BF#Old_Persian
XXXIX “revoked” = ada. 9x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew adah (to advance or continue; to take away or remove; adorning oneself with ornaments). This is to pass, remove, depart.
XL “therefore” = kal + qobel. Kal is the same as “all” in v7. See note X above. Qobel is Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew qebol (standing opposite, a thing that is in the front, battering ram). This is in front of, in this instance, as, before.

10 Although DanielXLI knewXLII that the document had been signed, he continued to goXLIII to his house,XLIV

Notes on verse 10a

XLI “Daniel” = Daniyel. Related to “god” in v7. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew Daniyyel (Daniel, “God is my judge”); {from din (to judge, defend, dispute, govern, quarrel, plead) + El (see note XXIV above)}. This is Daniel, “God is my judge.”
XLII “knew” = yeda. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew yada (to know, be aware, see and so understand – includes observation, care, recognition; can also be used as a euphemism). This is to know, certify, teach.
XLIII “continued to go” = alal. 14x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew alal (insert, to affect, impose, practice, glean, defile). This is to enter or introduce.
XLIV “house” = bayit. Probably from banah (to build, make, set up, obtain children; to build literally or figuratively). This is house, court, family, palace, temple.

which had windowsXLV in its upper roomXLVI openXLVII towardXLVIII Jerusalem,XLIX

Notes on verse 10b

XLV “windows” = kav. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew kavah (to burn, prick, penetrate, blister). This is a window.
XLVI “upper room” = allith. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew alah (to go up, climb, to be high; to arise in a literal or figurative sense). This is a roof chamber.
XLVII “open” = pethach. 2x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew pathach (to open wide in a literal or figurative sense; to open, draw out, let something go free, break forth, to plow, engrave, or carve). This is to open.
XLVIII “toward” = neged. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew neged (in front of, opposite to. It can refer to a counterpart or partner, one corresponding to or in the sight of); from nagad (to declare, make conspicuous, stand in front, manifest, predict, explain). This is in front of, facing, toward.
XLIX “Jerusalem” = Yerushalem. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew Yerushalaim (Jerusalem, dwelling of peace); {from yarah (to throw, shoot, be stunned; to flow as water so figuratively to instruct or teach) + shalam (to make amends, to be complete or sound)}. This is Jerusalem, dwelling of peace.

and to get downL on his kneesLI threeLII timesLIII a day

Notes on verse 10c

L “get down” = berak. 5x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew barak (to kneel, bless; blessing God as part of worship and adoration; blessing humans to help them; can be used as a euphemism to say curse God). This is to kneel or bless.
LI “knees” = berak. Related to “get down” in v10. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew berek (knee, feeble, lap); from barak (see note L above). This is knee.
LII “three” = telath. Related to “thirty” in v7. 11x in OT. See note XXVI above.
LIII “times” = zeman. 11x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew zeman (a specific time, occasion, or season); from zamam (to devise, plot, imagine, intend, scheme, think evil; usually in an evil sense). This is time, season, set period.

to prayLIV toLV his GodLVI and praiseLVII him,

Notes on verse 10d

LIV “pray” = tsela. 2x in OT. Aramaic word. This is means to bow, which is to say, pray.
LV “to” = qodam. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew qedem (front, formerly, before, east, eternal, everlasting, antiquity). This is before, toward, from.
LVI “God” = Elah. Same as “god” in v7. See note XXIV above.
LVII “praise” = yeda. 2x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew yadah (to throw one’s hands into the air in a gesture of praise, to give thanks, or make a confession). This is to praise, give thanks.

justLVIII as he hadLIX doneLX previously.LXI 

Notes on verse 10e

LVIII “just” = kal + qobel. Same as “therefore” in v9. See note XL above.
LIX “had” = hava. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew hayah (to be, become, happen). This is to be, become, happen, exist.
LX “done” = abad. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew abad (to work, serve, compel; any kind of work; used causatively, can mean to enslave or keep in bondage). This is to make, move, work.
LXI “previously” = qadmah. Related to “to” in v10. 2x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew qadmah (before, formerly, antiquity); from the same as qedem (see note LV above). This is before, ago, previously.

11 Then those menLXII watchedLXIII and foundLXIV Daniel praying and seeking mercyLXV beforeLXVI his God. 

Notes on verse 11

LXII “men” = gebar. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew geber (man, warrior, a person generally, valiant person); from gabar (to be strong or mighty; to prevail or to be insolent). This is a man, a certain person, or people.
LXIII “watched” = regash. Same as “conspired” in v6. See note III above.
LXIV “found” = shekach. 18x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew shakach (to forget because of not remembering something or not paying attention to it; to mislay). This is to find or discover in a literal or figurative sense.
LXV “seeking mercy” = chanan. 2x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew chanan (beseech, show favor, be gracious; properly, to bend in kindness to someone with less status). This is to show favor, be merciful, entreat.
LXVI “before” = qodam. Same as “to” in v10. See note LV above.

12 Then they approachedLXVII, LXVIII the king and said concerning the interdict, “O king! Did you not sign an interdict, that anyoneLXIX who prays to any god or human, within thirty days, except to you, O king, shall be thrown into the den of lions?”

The king answered,LXX, LXXI “The thingLXXII stands fast,LXXIII according to the law of the Medes and Persians, which cannot be revoked.” 

Notes on verse 12

LXVII “approached” = qereb. 9x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew qarab (to come near, offer, make ready). This is to approach, offer, present.
LXVIII {untranslated} = qodam. Same as “to” in v10. See note LV above.
LXIX “anyone” = kal + enash. Kal is the same as “all” in v7. See note X above. Enash is the same as “human” in v7. See note XXV above.
LXX “answered” = anah. Related to “now” in v8. See note XXXII above.
LXXI {untranslated} = amar. Same as “said” in v6. See note VI above.
LXXII “thing” = millah. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew millah (something said – a word, speech, talking, or discourse); from malal (to say, speak; often used in a poetic sense). This is word, thing, matter.
LXXIII “stands fast” = yatstsiyb. 5x in OT. Aramaic from Hebrew yetsab (to make sure, be firm, speak with certainty); corresponding to Hebrew yatsab (to set oneself, take a stand, remain, continue, to station or set something in place). This is certainty, certain, true, stand fast, truth.

13 Then they respondedLXXIV, LXXV to the king, “Daniel, oneLXXVI of the exilesLXXVII

Notes on verse 13a

LXXIV “responded” = anah. Same as “answered” in v12. See note LXX above.
LXXV {untranslated} = amar. Same as “said” in v6. See note VI above.
LXXVI “one” = ben. Related to “house” in v10. 11x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew ben (son literal or figurative; also, grandson, subject, nation); from banah (see note XLIV above). This is son, among, young.
LXXVII “exiles” = galuth. 4x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew galuth (exile, captive; the state of captivity); from galah (to remove, bring, carry, lead, appear; to strip someone or something bare in a negative sense; captives were typically stripped before being sent into exile; figuratively, in a positive sense, to reveal, disclose, discover). This is exile or captivity.

from Judah,LXXVIII pays no attentionLXXIX to you, O king, orLXXX to the interdict you have signed, but he is sayingLXXXI his prayersLXXXII three times a day.”

Notes on verse 13b

LXXVIII “Judah” = Yehud. Related to “praise” in v10. 7x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew Yehudah (Judah, son of Jacob, his tribal descendants, a name for the southern kingdom. Literally, it means praised); probably from yadah (see note LVII above). This is Yehud, which is to say Judah or Jews. The Babylonians used this as the name of the province formerly known as Judah.
LXXIX “pays…attention” = sum. Aramaic corresponding to sim (to put, place, set). This is to set, make, order, give.
LXXX {untranslated} = teem. Aramaic from teem (to feed, taste); from Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew taam (to taste, sense, perceive). This is a flavor. Figuratively it means a judgment – here, a decree.
LXXXI “saying” = bea. Same as “prays” in v7. See note XXI above.
LXXXII“prayers” = bau. Same as {untranslated} in v7. See note XXII above.

14 When the king heardLXXXIII the charge,LXXXIV he was very muchLXXXV distressed.LXXXVI

Notes on verse 14a

LXXXIII “heard” = shema. 9x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew shama (hear, call, consent, or consider; implies listening intelligently, giving attention; obedience and action are often implied). This is to hear or obey.
LXXXIV “charge” = millah. Same as “thing” in v12. See note LXXII above.
LXXXV “very much” = saggi. 13x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew saggi (great, exalted, mighty); from saga (to increase, grow, exalt). This is large in different senses – it could be many, large, great, or very.
LXXXVI “distressed” = beesh. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew baash (to stink or be foul; figuratively, offensive behavior – morally odious or loathsome). This is to be evil or displease.

He was determinedLXXXVII to saveLXXXVIII Daniel, and until the sunLXXXIX went downXC

Notes on verse 14b

LXXXVII “determined” = sum + bal. Literally, “set his heart.” Sum is the same as “pays…attention” in v13. See note LXXIX above. Bal is 1x in OT. Aramaic for mind, related to Arabic for heart.
LXXXVIII “save” = shezab. 9x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew azab (to leave, forsake, permit). This is to leave, deliver, save, or to free.
LXXXIX “sun” = shemash. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew shemesh (sun or toward the east; root may mean being brilliant; figuratively, a ray or an arch). This is sun or sunset.
XC “went down” = meal. Related to “continued to go” in v10. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew alal (see note XLIII above). This is going in or sunset.

he madeXCI every effortXCII to rescueXCIII him. 15 Then the conspiratorsXCIV came to the king and said to him,XCV “Know, O king, that it is a law of the Medes and Persians that no interdict or ordinance that the king establishes can be changed.”

Notes on verses 14c-15

XCI “made” = hava. Same as “had” in v10. See note LIX above.
XCII “every effort” = shedar. 1x in OT. Aramaic – meaning struggle, exert, or labor.
XCIII “rescue” = netsal. 3x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew natsal (to snatch someone or something away in a good sense – as rescue, defend, or deliver – or in a bad sense – as strip or plunder). This is to rescue or deliver.
XCIV “conspirators” = gebar. Same as “men” in v11. See note LXII above.
XCV “him” = melek. Same as “king” in v6. See note IV above.

16 Then the king gave the command,XCVI and Daniel was broughtXCVII and thrown into the den of lions. The king saidXCVIII to Daniel,XCIX “May your God, whom you faithfullyC serve,CI deliverCII you!” 

Notes on verse 16

XCVI “gave the command” = amar. Same as “said” in v6. See note VI above.
XCVII “brought” = athah. 16x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew athah (to come or bring; can refer to the past or future arriving). This is to come or become.
XCVIII “said” = anah. Same as “answered” in v12. See note LXX above.
XCIX {untranslated} = amar. Same as “said” in v6. See note VI above.
C “faithfully” = tedira. 2x in OT – both in Daniel 6. Aramaic from dur (to dwell or people who reside somewhere); from Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew dur (to move in a circle, which implies living somewhere or remaining there; it can also be the sense of piling or heaping up). This is constantly, continually, or permanence.
CI “serve” = pelach. 10x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew palach (to slice, bring forth, plow, work, pierce). This is to serve, minister, revere.
CII “deliver” = shezab. Same as “save” in v14. See note LXXXVIII above.

17 ACIII stoneCIV was brought and laidCV on the mouthCVI of the den,

Notes on verse 17a

CIII “a” = chad. 14x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew echad (number one, first, united; alone, altogether, a certain, a few); perhaps from achad (to unify, continue on a path; figuratively, to gather one’s thoughts). This is one, same, together.
CIV “stone” = eben. Related to “house” in v10 & “one” in v13. 8x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew eben (stone, weight, or mason); perhaps from banah (see note XLIV above). This is stone.
CV “laid” = sum. Same as “pays…attention” in v13. See note LXXIX above.
CVI “mouth” = pum. 6x in OT – all in Daniel. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew peh (mouth in a literal or figurative sense; literally, beak or jaws; figuratively, speech, commands, or promises). This is mouth, in a literal or figurative sense.

and the king sealedCVII it with his own signet ringCVIII and with the signet ring of his lords,CIX so that nothing might be changed concerningCX Daniel. 

Notes on verse 17b

CVII “sealed” = chatham. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew chatham (to seal, close up, shut, stop, bring to an end; used especially for affixing a seal). This is to seal.
CVIII “signet ring” = izqah. 2x in OT – both in Daniel 6. Aramaic from a root that corresponds to Hebrew azaq (to dig around, to put a fence around). This is a signet ring.
CIX “lords” = rabreban. 8x in OT – all in Daniel. Aramaic from the same as rab (great, magnificent, captain, master, stout); Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew rab (abundance, many, elder, exceedingly, great; abundance of amount, rank, or status); from rabab (increasing in any aspect whether quantity, authority, size, quality, greatness, etc.). This is lord, noble, or prince.
CX {untranslated} = tsebu. 1x in OT. Aramaic from tseba (to desire, wish); Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew tsaba (to wage war, serve, assemble, fight, perform, muster, wait on). This is will, thing, anything.

18 Then the king wentCXI to his palaceCXII and spent the nightCXIII fasting;CXIV

Notes on verse 18a

CXI “went” = azal. 7x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew azal (to go away, evaporate, fail, disappear). This is to go or depart.
CXII “palace” = hekal. 13x in OT. Aramaic from an Assyrian loanword – corresponding to Hebrew hekal (a large building with public access such as a palace or temple.) OR from Hebrew yakol (to be able, endure, overcome, prevail). This is palace or temple.
CXIII “spent the night” = buth. Related to “house” in v10 & “one” in v13 & “stone” in v17. 1x in OT. Aramaic akin to bith (spending the night); Aramaic verb related to Hebrew bayit (house, court, family, palace, temple); probably from banah (see note XLIV above). This is to spend the night.
CXIV “fasting” = tevath. 1x in OT. Aramaic from a root that corresponds to Hebrew tavah (to spin, roast). This is hunger, hungrily, or fasting.

no entertainmentCXV was broughtCXVI toCXVII him, and sleepCXVIII fledCXIX from him.

Notes on verse 18b

CXV “entertainment” = dachavah. 1x in OT. Aramaic akin to Hebrew dachah (to push down, drive, thrust, totter, trip, or chase; to overthrow or an outcast as one has been pushed down/overthrown). This is music or musical instrument.
CXVI “brought” = alal. Same as “continued to go” in v10. See note XLIII above.
CXVII “to” = qodam. Same as “to” in v10. See note LV above.
CXVIII “sleep” = shenah. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew shenah (asleep); from yashen (to be languid or go slack; it can mean to sleep, become old or stale, or die). This is sleep.
CXIX “fled” = nedad. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew nadad (to wave back and forth; figuratively, to flee, stray, flutter chase away, shake, or shrink; to be a fugitive). This is to flee or go from.

19 Then at dawn,CXX the king got upCXXI and at first lightCXXII hurriedCXXIII to the den of lions.CXXIV 

Notes on verse 19

CXX “dawn” = shepharpar. 1x in OT. Aramaic from a root that corresponds to Hebrew shaphar (to be beautiful or fair); from shaphar (to glisten, plenty). This is dawn or very early.
CXXI “got up” = qum. Same as “establish” in v7. See note XVI above.
CXXII “first light” = nogah. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew nogah (light, radiance, being bright, sunshine); from nagah (to shine – root may mean to glitter). This is morning, dawn, brightness.
CXXIII “hurried” = behal. 11x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew bahal (to be afraid, dismayed, amazed; deep trembling within; figuratively, being suddenly agitated; implies moving or acting quickly/anxiously). This is to alarm, terrify, hurry.
CXXIV {untranslated} = azal. Same as “went” in v18. See note CXI above.

20 When he came nearCXXV the den where Daniel was, heCXXVI cried outCXXVII anxiouslyCXXVIII

Notes on verse 20a

CXXV “came near” = qereb. Same as “approached” in v12. See note LXVII above.
CXXVI “he” = qal. 7x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew qol (a sound, used often for human voices; when God speaks or angels, animals or instruments; a cry or a noise, thunder or earthquakes and so on). This is sound or voice.
CXXVII “cried out” = zeiq. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew zaaq (to cry or call out; a call to assemble or gather together; a herald who announces a public gathering; a shriek from pain or danger). This is to cry or call out.
CXXVIII “anxiously” = atsab. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew atsab (to hurt, grieve, displease; to carve, make, worry). This is to pain, trouble, or afflict.

CXXIXto Daniel,CXXX “O Daniel, servantCXXXI of the livingCXXXII God, has your God whom you faithfully serve been ableCXXXIII to deliver you from the lions?” 

Notes on verse 20b

CXXIX {untranslated} = anah. Same as “answered” in v12. See note LXX above.
CXXX {untranslated} = amar. Same as “said” in v6. See note VI above.
CXXXI “servant” = abad. Related to “done” in v10. 7x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew ebed (servant, slave, bondservant); from abad (see note LX above). This is slave or servant.
CXXXII “living” = chay. Related to “live” in v6. 7x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew chay (alive, living, lifetime; age; animals, plants, water, or a company or congregation of people – life in a very broad sense); from chayah (see note VIII above). This is living, life, alive.
CXXXIII “been able” = yekel. Related to “palace” in v18. 12x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew yakol (see note CXII above). This is be able, can.

21 Daniel then saidCXXXIV to the king, “O king, live forever! 22 My God sentCXXXV his angelCXXXVI and shutCXXXVII the lions’ mouths so that they would not hurtCXXXVIII me,

Notes on verses 21-22a

CXXXIV “said” = melal. Related to “thing” in v12. 5x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew malal (see note LXXII above). This is to speak or say.
CXXXV “sent” = shelach. 14x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew shalach (to send, send for, forsake, give a slave freedom). This is to send, attempt, put.
CXXXVI “angel” = malak. 2x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew malak (messenger, an angel, or a deputy; human messengers literally or for prophets, priests, or teachers as messengers of God; also supernatural messengers i.e. angels). This is angel.
CXXXVII “shut” = segar. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew sagar (to shut up, imprison, lock, hand over, or figuratively surrender). This is to shut.
CXXXVIII “hurt” = chabal. 6x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew chabal (to break, destroy, ruin). This is to destroy or harm.

becauseCXXXIX I was found blamelessCXL before him; alsoCXLI before you, O king, I have done no wrong.”CXLII 

Notes on verse 22b

CXXXIX “because” = kal + qobel. Same as “therefore” in v9. See note XL above.
CXL “blameless” = zaku. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew zakah (being clear or see through; figuratively, being innocent or blameless. It can also be clear, cleansed, justified, or pure). This is purity, innocence, or innocent.
CXLI “also” = aph. 4x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew aph (also, furthermore, even). This is also, moreover.
CXLII “wrong” = chabula. Related to “hurt” in v22. 1x in OT. Aramaic from chabal (see note CXXXVIII above). This is overthrown, hurt, crime.

23 Then the king was exceedinglyCXLIII gladCXLIV and commandedCXLV that Daniel be taken upCXLVI out of the den. So Daniel was taken up out of the den, and noCXLVII kind of harmCXLVIII was found on him

Notes on verse 23a

CXLIII “exceedingly” = saggi. Same as “very much” in v14. See note LXXXV above.
CXLIV “glad” = teeb. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew tob (to be pleasing, good). This is to rejoice or be good.
CXLV “commanded” = amar. Same as “said” in v6. See note VI above.
CXLVI “taken up” = nesaq. 3x in OT. Aramaic from the same as seleq (to take, turn); {from Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew saleq (to come up)} OR Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew nasaq (ascent); from the same as saleq (see above). This is lift or take up.
CXLVII {untranslated} = kal. Same as “all” in v7. See note X above.
CXLVIII “harm” = chabal. Related to “hurt” and “wrong” in v22. 3x in OT. See note CXXXVIII above.

because he had trustedCXLIX in his God. 24 The king gave a command, and thoseCL who had maliciouslyCLI accusedCLII Daniel

Notes on verses 23b-24a

CXLIX “trusted” = aman. 3x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew aman (to believe, endure, fulfill, confirm, support, be faithful, put one’s trust in, be steadfast; figuratively, to be firm, steadfast, or faithful, trusting, believing, being permanent, morally solid). This is to trust, be faithful, believe.
CL {untranslated} = gebar. Same as “men” in v11. See note LXII above.
CLI “maliciously” = qerats. 2x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew qerets (stinging insect, destruction; something damaged by constricting); from qarats (to pinch, compress, bite lips, blink eyes maliciously, pinch off some clay to make a vessel); probably borrowed from Assyrian karfe akalu (malign, slander). This is piece or morsel.
CLII “accused” = akal. 7x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew akal (to eat, consume, burn up; eat in a literal or figurative sense). This is to eat or devour. Figuratively, it can refer to a malicious charge.

were brought and thrown into the den of lions—they, their children,CLIII and their wives.CLIV Before they reachedCLV the bottomCLVI of the den,

Notes on verse 24b

CLIII “children” = ben. Same as “one” in v13. See note LXXVI above.
CLIV “wives” = nashin. Related to “human” in v7. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew ishshah (woman, wife, female); {from ish (man) or enosh (see note XXV above)}. This is wife.
CLV “reached” = meta. 8x in OT. Aramaic perhaps corresponding to Hebrew matsa (to find, catch or acquire; to come forth or appear; figuratively, to meet or be together with). This is to reach, happen, arrive.
CLVI “bottom” = ari. 1x in OT. Aramaic from ara (earth, ground, low, interior); from Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew erets (root may mean to be firm; earth, ground, field, land, country). This is bottom.

the lions overpoweredCLVII them and broke all their bonesCLVIII in pieces.CLIX

25 Then King Darius wroteCLX to all peoplesCLXI

Notes on verses 24c-25a

CLVII “overpowered” = shelet. 7x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew shalat (to rule, dominate, govern; to bear or permit). This is to rule, have power, rank, overpower.
CLVIII “bones” = geram. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew gerem (bone, strength, top); from garam (to leave a remainder, reserve for later; break bones). This is bone.
CLIX “broke…in pieces” = deqaq. 10x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew daqaq (to crush, crumble, make dust, be very small). This is to shatter or crush.
CLX “wrote” = kethab. Related to “document” in v8. 8x in OT. See note XXXIV above.
CLXI “peoples” = am. 15x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew am (people or nation; a tribe, troops or armies, or figuratively to refer to a flock of animals); from amam (to darken, hide, associate; creating shadows by huddling together). This is people.

and nationsCLXII of every languageCLXIII CLXIVthroughout the wholeCLXV world:CLXVI

Notes on verse 25b

CLXII “nations” = ummah. 8x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew ummah (tribe or other community); from the same as em (mother as binding a family together or a breeding female animal; mother in a literal or figurative sense). This is nation.
CLXIII “language” = lishshan. 7x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew lashon (tongue, talker, language, or wedge; a tongue of flame or a water cove); from lashan (to lick, slander). This is tongue, speech, or nation.
CLXIV {untranslated} = dur. Related to “faithfully” in v16. 7x in OT. See note C above.
CLXV “whole” = kal. Same as “all” in v7. See note X above.
CLXVI “world” = ara. Related to “bottom” in v24. See note CLVI above.

“May you have abundantCLXVII prosperity!CLXVIII 26 CLXIXI makeCLXX a decree,CLXXI

Notes on verses 25c-26a

CLXVII “abundant” = sega. Related to “very much” in v14. 3x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew saga (see note LXXXV above). This is to abound, increase, or grow.
CLXVIII “prosperity” = shelam. Related to “Jerusalem” in v10. 4x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew shalom (completeness, soundness, welfare, favor, friend, good health; to be safe and figuratively well, happy, at peace, friendly; abstractly, includes the ideas of welfare and prosperity – not in excessive wealth, but in having enough); from shalam (see note XLIX above). This is peace, welfare, prosperity.
CLXIX {untranslated} = qodam. Same as “to” in v10. See note LV above.
CLXX “make” = sum. Same as “pays…attention” in v13. See note LXXIX above.
CLXXI “decree” = teem. Same as {untranslated} in v13. See note LXXX above.

thatCLXXII in all my royalCLXXIII dominionCLXXIV people shall trembleCLXXV and fearCLXXVI before the God of Daniel:

Notes on verse 26b

CLXXII {untranslated} = hava. Same as “had” in v10. See note LIX above.
CLXXIII “royal” = malku. Same as “kingdom” in v7. See note XI above.
CLXXIV “dominion” = sholtan. Related to “overpowered” in v24. 14x in OT. From Aramaic shelet (see note CLVII above). This is dominion or empire.
CLXXV “tremble” = zua. 2x in OT – both in Daniel. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew zua (to tremble, shake from fear or anger). This is to tremble from fear.
CLXXVI “fear” = dechal. 6x in OT. Aramaic – perhaps corresponding to Hebrew zachal (to be afraid, slink back, crawl like a worm). This is to fear, be dreadful, slink.

For he is the living God,
    enduringCLXXVII forever.
His kingdom shall never be destroyed,CLXXVIII
    and his dominion has no end.CLXXIX

Notes on verse 26c

CLXXVII “enduring” = qayyam. Related to “establish” and “ordinance” in v7. 2x in OT. Aramaic from qum (see note XVI above). This is enduring, assured, or steadfast.
CLXXVIII “destroyed” = chabal. Same as “hurt” in v22. See note CXXXVIII above.
CLXXIX “end” = soph. 5x in OT – all in Daniel. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew soph (an end or termination; also, the back); from suph (to cease, snatch away, consume, remove). This is end or forever.

27 He delivers and rescues;
    he worksCLXXX signsCLXXXI and wondersCLXXXII in heavenCLXXXIII and on earth;CLXXXIV
he has saved Daniel
    from the powerCLXXXV of the lions.”

Notes on verse 27

CLXXX “works” = abad. Same as “done” in v10. See note LX above.
CLXXXI “signs” = ath. 3x in OT – all in Daniel. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew oth (a sign in a literal or figurative sense; could be a flag or monument; evidence or a mark. It could also be an omen or a miracle); {from avah (to mark, sign, point out) OR from uth (to agree)}. This is a sign or portent.
CLXXXII “wonders” = temah. 3x in OT – all in Daniel. Aramaic from a root that corresponds to Hebrew tamah (to be amazed, wonder, be dumbfounded). This is a wonder or miracle.
CLXXXIII “heaven” = shamayin. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew shamayim (root may mean being lofty; sky, the air, or heaven; might refer to the part of the sky where the clouds move on the one hand and the part beyond that where the sun, moon, and stars are on the other hand). This is heavens or sky.
CLXXXIV “earth” = ara. Same as “world” in v25. See note CLXVI above.
CLXXXV “power” = yad. 17x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to yad (hand, ability, power; hand in a literal sense; what one can do or the means by which one does it). This is hand, attempt, power.


Image credit: “Daniel in the Lions Den” by Gligor Čemerski. Photo by Jim Forest, 2016.

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