Daniel 7:1-18

Daniel 7:1-18
Narrative Lectionary

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In the firstI yearII of KingIII BelshazzarIV

Notes on verse 1a

I “first” = chad. 14x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew echad (number one, first, united; alone, altogether, a certain, a few); perhaps from achad (to unify, continue on a path; figuratively, to gather one’s thoughts). This is one, same, together.
II “year” = shenah. 7x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew shanah (year, age, old, yearly); from shana (to change, alter). This is year or age.
III “King” = melek. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew melek (king, royal); from malak (to be or become king or queen, to rise to the throne, to be crowned; by implication, to take counsel). This is king or royal.
IV “Belshazzar” = Beelshatstsar. 7x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew Beleshatstsar (Belshzzar; “Bel protect the king”); from Akkadian bel-sharra-utstsur (“may Bel protect the king”); {from bel (lord) + sharru (king) + natsaru (to protect)}. This is Belshazzar, meaning “Bel, protect the king.”

of Babylon,V DanielVI hadVII a dreamVIII

Notes on verse 1b

V “Babylon” = Babel. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew Babel (Babylon or Babel); perhaps from balal (to anoint, mix, overflow) OR from Akkadian Bbilim; perhaps from earlier Sumerian name Ca-dimirra (gate of god). This is Babel or Babylon. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon.
VI “Daniel” = Daniyel. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew Daniyyel (Daniel, “God is my judge”); {from din (to judge, defend, dispute, govern, quarrel, plead) + El (God, a god)}. This is Daniel, “God is my judge.”
VII “had” = chazah. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew chazah (to gaze at – to see or behold; perceiving as a mental process or looking at something with pleasure; seeing a vision). This is to see, have a dream.
VIII “dream” = chelem. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew chalom (a dream, dreamer); From chalam (properly, to bind solidly and so to be plump; to be healthy or strong, to recover; figuratively, to dream). This is dream.

and visionsIX of his headX as he lay in bed.XI Then he wrote downXII the dream:XIII 

Notes on verse 1c

IX “visions” = chezu. Related to “had” in v1. 12x in OT. Aramaic from chazah (see note VII above). This is a vision, appearance, sight.
X “head” = resh. 14x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew rosh (head, captain, or chief; excellent or the forefront; first in position or in statue or in time). This is head or chief.
XI “bed” = mishkab. 6x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew mishkab (a place where one lies down i.e. a bed, couch, or bedchamber; sleep or euphemistically sex); from shakab (to lie down, lodge; lying for sleep, sex, or other reasons). This is couch of bed.
XII “wrote down” = kethab. 8x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew kathab (to write, decree, describe, record). This is to write.
XIII Some manuscripts add “the beginning of the words; he said” = resh + millah + amar. Resh is the same as “head” in v1. See note X above. Millah is Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew millah (something said – a word, speech, talking, or discourse); from malal (to say, speak; often used in a poetic sense). This is word, thing, matter. Amar is Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew amar (to say, answer, challenge). This is to say, declare, command, etc.

XIVI, Daniel,XV sawXVI in my vision by nightXVII

Notes on verse 2a

XIV Some manuscripts add “Daniel answered and said” = anah + Daniyel + amar. Anah is Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew anah (to answer, respond, announce, sing, shout, or testify; to pay attention, which implies responding and, by extension, starting to talk; singing, shouting, testifying, etc.). This is to answer, speak, or reply. Daniyel is the same as “Daniel” in v1. See note VI above. Amar is the same as {untranslated} in v1. See note XIII above.
XV {untranslated} = hava. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew hayah (to be, become, happen). This is to be, become, happen, exist.
XVI “saw” = chazah. Same as “had” in v1. See note VII above.
XVII “night” = lela. 5x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew layil (properly, light twisting away; used for night or midnight; figuratively, adversity). This is night.

XVIIIthe fourXIX windsXX of heavenXXI

Notes on verse 2b

XVIII {untranslated} = aru. 5x in OT. Perhaps akin to Aramaic alu (behold). This is lo or behold.
XIX “four” = arba. 8x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew arba (four); from raba (to make square or be four-sided). This is four.
XX “winds” = ruach. 11x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew ruach (breath, wind, air, cool, spirit; wind, which resembles the breath and so figuratively life itself or being frail/mortal/impermanent; the air of the sky or the spirit); from ruach (smell, breathe, perceive, anticipate, accept, enjoy). This is wind, spirit, or mind.
XXI “heaven” = shamayin. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew shamayim (root may mean being lofty; sky, the air, or heaven; might refer to the part of the sky where the clouds move on the one hand and the part beyond that where the sun, moon, and stars are on the other hand). This is heavens or sky.

stirring upXXII the greatXXIII sea,XXIV 

Notes on verse 2c

XXII “stirring up” = giach. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to giach (to break forth like water bursting out, to rush, give birth). This is to break forth, rush.
XXIII “great” = rab. 15x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew rab (abundance, many, elder, exceedingly, great; abundance of amount, rank, or status); from rabab (increasing in any aspect whether quantity, authority, size, quality, greatness, etc.). This is great, magnificent, captain, master, stout.
XXIV “sea” = yam. 2x in OT – both in Daniel 7. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew yam (root may mean to roar; the sea, often the Mediterranean; the roar of crashing surf; rivers or other sources of water; to the west, to the south). This is sea.

and four greatXXV beastsXXVI came upXXVII out of the sea, differentXXVIII from one another. 

Notes on verse 3

XXV “great” = rabrab. Related to “great” in v2. 8x in OT. Aramaic from the same as Hebrew rab (see note XXIII above). This is something very great, arrogantly, domineering.
XXVI “beasts” = cheva. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew chayyah (living thing, wild animal, creature); from chayah (to live or keep alive literally or figuratively). This is beast or animal.
XXVII “came up” = cliq. 5x in OT. From Aramaic. This is to ascend or come up.
XXVIII “different” = shena. Related to “year” in v1. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew shana (see note II above). This is to change or be diverse.

The firstXXIX was like a lionXXX and had eagles’XXXI wings.XXXII

Notes on verse 4a

XXIX “first” = qadmay. 3x in OT – all in Daniel 7. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew qadmoni (former, eastern); from the same as qedem (front, formerly, before, east, eternal, everlasting, antiquity); {from qadam (to come in front or be in front; to meet, anticipate, confront, receive, or rise; sometimes to meet for help)} or qadmon (eastern); {from qadam (see above)}.This is former, first, or the one prior.
XXX “lion” = aryeh. 10x in OT– 9x in Daniel 6 & 1x in Daniel 7. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew ari (lion); from arah (to gather, pluck). This is lion.
XXXI “eagles’” = neshar. 2x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew nesher (an eagle or vulture – some kind of large bird of prey; its root may mean lacerate). This is an eagle.
XXXII “wings” = gaph. 3x in OT – all in Daniel 7. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew gaph (body, self, or alone; height, elevation; its root may refer to an arch). This is a bird’s wing.

Then, as I watched,XXXIII XXXIVits wings were plucked off,XXXV and it was lifted upXXXVI from the groundXXXVII

Notes on verse 4b

XXXIII “watched” = chazah. Same as “had” in v1. See note VII above.
XXXIV {untranslated} = hava. Same as {untranslated} in v2. See note XV above.
XXXV “plucked off” = merat. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew marat (to be smooth or bald; to polish or sharpen). This is to pluck or to pull off.
XXXVI “lifted up” = netal. 2x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew natal (to lift, lay, take up, or impose). This is to lift, raise, or to take up.
XXXVII “ground” = ara. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew erets (root may mean to be firm; earth, ground, field, land, country). This is earth, ground, low, interior.

and made to standXXXVIII on two feetXXXIX like a human being,XL

Notes on verse 4c

XXXVIII “stand” = qum. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew qum (to arise, stand, accomplish, establish, abide; rising against, getting up after being sick or asleep, arising from one state to another, becoming powerful, or rising for action; standing in a figurative sense). This is to rise, establish, set up, stand.
XXXIX “feet” = regal. 7x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew regel (foot, endurance, or journey; a foot as the means of walking and so it implies a step or a greater journey; can euphemistically mean private parts); perhaps from ragal (to walk along, spy out, slander). This is foot.
XL “human being” = enash. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew enosh (human, humankind, mortal); from anash (to be weak, sick, or frail). This is human, humankind, whoever.

and a humanXLI mindXLII was givenXLIII to it. 

Notes on verse 4d

XLI “human” = enash. Same as “human being” in v4. See note XL above.
XLII “mind” = lebab. 7x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew lebab (the heart, courage, one’s inner self, the mind, the will; only used in a figurative sense in the Bible); may be related to labab (to encourage; properly, to be encased as with fat; used in a good sense, this means to transport someone with love; used in a bad sense, it can mean to dull one’s senses). This is heart or mind.
XLIII “given” = yehab. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew yahab (give, put, bring, take; to give in a literal or figurative sense). This is to give, yield, prolong.

AnotherXLIV beast appeared,XLV a secondXLVI one, that looked likeXLVII a bear.XLVIII

Notes on verse 5a

XLIV “another” = ochori. 6x in OT. Aramaic from ochoran (another, other); Aramaic from achar (after, future); Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew achar (after, the last part, following); from achar (to be behind, delay, be late, procrastinate, continue). This is another, other.
XLV “appeared” = aru. Same as {untranslated} in v2. See note XVIII above.
XLVI “second” = tinyan. Related to “year” in v1. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew shenayim (two, both, second, couple); from sheni (double, again, another, second); from shanah (see note II above). This is second – as in 2nd.
XLVII “looked like” = demah. 2x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew damah (to resemble, liken, compare, consider, think). This is to be similar, resemble.
XLVIII “bear” = dob. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew dob (a bear, perhaps as a slow moving creature); from dabab (to glide, flow gently, speak, move slowly). This is a bear.

It was raised upXLIX on oneL side,LI had threeLII tusksLIII in its mouthLIV

Notes on verse 5b

XLIX “raised up” = qum. Same as “stand” in v4. See note XXXVIII above.
L “one” = chad. Same as “first” in v1. See note I above.
LI “side” = setar. 1x in OT. Aramaic. This is a side.
LII “three” = telath. 11x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew shalosh (three, fork, triad). This is three or third.
LIII “tusks” = ala. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew tsela (rib, side, leaf, plank, side of a person or object; quarter of the sky); perhaps from tsala (to limp, be lame). This is a rib.
LIV “mouth” = pum. 6x in OT– all in Daniel. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew peh (mouth in a literal or figurative sense; literally, beak or jaws; figuratively, speech, commands, or promises). This is mouth, in a literal or figurative sense.

amongLV its teeth,LVI andLVII was told,LVIII

Notes on verse 5c

LV “among” = ben. 2x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew bayin (between, an interval or space); from bin (to discern, consider, attend to; distinguishing things in one’s mind or, more generally, to understand). This is between or among.
LVI “teeth” = shen. 3x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew shen (a tooth, ivory, something sharp, or, figuratively, a cliff); from shanan (to sharpen, point, pierce; figuratively to teach). This is tooth.
LVII {untranslated} = ken. 8x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew ken (to set upright; generally used figuratively to mean thus, so, afterwards, rightly so); perhaps from kun (properly, in a perpendicular position; literally, to establish, fix, fasten, prepare; figuratively, it is certainty, to be firm, faithfulness, render sure or prosperous). This is thus or as follows.
LVIII “told” = amar. Same as {untranslated} in v1. See note XIII above.

“Arise,LIX devourLX manyLXI bodies!”LXII 

Notes on verse 5d

LIX “arise” = qum. Same as “stand” in v4. See note XXXVIII above.
LX “devour” = akal. 7x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew akal (to eat, consume, burn up; eat in a literal or figurative sense). This is to eat or devour. Figuratively, it can refer to a malicious charge.
LXI “many” = saggi. 13x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew saggi (great, exalted, mighty); from saga (to increase, grow, exalt). This is large in different senses – it could be many, large, great, or very.
LXII “bodies” = besar. 3x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew basar (flesh, the body, fat, skin, self, nakedness, humankind, or kin. It can also refer to private parts); from basar (being a messenger, publish, carry preach; properly, this is being fresh, rosy or cheerful as one bearing news). This is flesh, an animal that is alive, body, meat.

AfterLXIII this, as I watched, LXIVanother appeared, like a leopard.LXV

Notes on verse 6a

LXIII “after” = athar. 8x in OT. Aramaic – perhaps corresponding to Hebrew athariym (a place – Atharim, meaning “spies;” may come from a work meaning to step). This is site, after, trace.
LXIV {untranslated} = hava. Same as {untranslated} in v2. See note XV above.
LXV “leopard” = nemar. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew namer (its root may mean to filtrate; refers to spots dripped and, thereby, to a leopard). This is a leopard.

The beast had four wings of a birdLXVI on its backLXVII and four heads, and dominionLXVIII was given to it. 

Notes on verse 6b

LXVI “bird” = oph. 2x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew oph (a flying creature); from uph (to fly, flee, shine, be weary, be faint). This is fowl or bird.
LXVII “back” = gab. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew gab (its root may mean to curve or hollow; a back because it is rounded, the brow of the eye, rim, a vault, higher place, or shrine). This is back or side.
LXVIII “dominion” = sholtan. 14x in OT. From Aramaic shelet (to rule, overpower, have mastery); corresponding to Hebrew shalat (to rule, dominate, govern; it can also mean to bear or permit). This is dominion or empire.

After this I sawLXIX in the visions by nightLXX a fourthLXXI beast, terrifyingLXXII

Notes on verse 7a

LXIX {untranslated} = hava. Same as {untranslated} in v2. See note XV above.
LXX {untranslated} = aru. Same as {untranslated} in v2. See note XVIII above.
LXXI “fourth” = rebii. Related to “four” in v2. 6x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew rebii (fourth, square-shaped); from the same as arba (see note XIX above). This is fourth.
LXXII “terrifying” = dechal. 6x in OT. Aramaic – perhaps corresponding to Hebrew zachal (to be afraid, slink back, crawl like a worm). This is to fear, be dreadful, slink.

and dreadfulLXXIII and exceedinglyLXXIV strong.LXXV It had greatLXXVI ironLXXVII teeth

Notes on verse 7b

LXXIII “dreadful” = emthan. 1x in OT. From the same as emethan (terrible or terrifying); {Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew ayom (dreadful, frightful, awesome)} OR Aramaic from a Hebrew root that corresponds to mothen (the waist, slender, or small of back; also, the loins in plural.). This is terrible, burly, or mighty.
LXXIV “exceedingly” = yattir. 8x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew yattir (Yattir, a city whose name means “redundant”); from yathar (to jut over, remain behind, preserve, to excel). This is extremely, surpassing, excellent.
LXXV “strong” = taqqiph. 5x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew taqqiph (mighty, powerful); from taqeph (to prevail, overpower). This is strong, mighty.
LXXVI “great” = rabrab. Same as “great” in v3. See note XXV above.
LXXVII “iron” = parzel. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew barzel (iron as something used as a cutting implement; an ax head); from the same as Birzoth (a name meaning holes; root may mean to pierce). This is iron.

and was devouring, breaking in pieces,LXXVIII and stampingLXXIX what was leftLXXX with its feet. It was different from allLXXXI the beasts that precededLXXXII it,

Notes on verse 7c

LXXVIII “breaking in pieces” = deqaq. 10x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew daqaq (to crush, crumble, make dust, be very small). This is to shatter or crush.
LXXIX “stamping” = rephas. 2x in OT – both in Daniel 7. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew raphas (to tread or trample; also, humbling oneself.). This is to tread, trample, or stamp.
LXXX “what was left” = shear. 12x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew shear (rest, residue, survivor, other); from shaar (to calculate or reckon; may come from a root that means to open up or split). This is rest, remainder, what is left, residue.
LXXXI “all” = kol. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew kol (all, every, everyone); from kalal (to copmlete). This is all, whole, any, every.
LXXXII “preceded” = qodam. Related to “first” in v4. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew qedem (see note XXIX above). This is before, toward, from.

and it had tenLXXXIII horns.LXXXIV I was consideringLXXXV LXXXVIthe horns when another horn appeared,LXXXVII

Notes on verses 7d-8a

LXXXIII “ten” = asar. 6x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew eser (ten or -teen). This is ten.
LXXXIV “horns” = qeren. 14x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew qeren (horn or hill; a flask or cornet, ivory, altar corner, mountain peak, or figuratively power). This is horn or cornet. It can be an animal horn or the instrument.
LXXXV “considering” = sekal. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew sakal (to consider, instruct, lay crosswise, handle prudently). This is to consider or contemplate.
LXXXVI {untranslated} = hava. Same as {untranslated} in v2. See note XV above.
LXXXVII “appeared” = alu. Related to {untranslated} in v2. 5x in OT. See note XVIII above.

a little oneLXXXVIII that came up among them. Three of the originalLXXXIX horns were plucked upXC from beforeXCI it.

Notes on verse 8b

LXXXVIII “little one” = zeer. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew zeer (its root may mean dwindle; little). This is little, small, or one that is little.
LXXXIX “original” = qadmay. Same as “first” in v4. See note XXIX above.
XC “plucked up” = aqar. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew aqar (to uproot, pluck out, dig out by the roots, to hamstring; figuratively, to exterminate). This is to uproot or pluck up.
XCI “before” = qodam. Same as “preceded” in v7. See note LXXXII above.

ThereXCII were eyesXCIII like human eyes in this horn and a mouth speakingXCIV arrogantly.XCV

Notes on verse 8c

XCII “there” = alu. Same as “appeared” in v8. See note LXXXVII above.
XCIII “eyes” = ayin. 5x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew ayin (eye, appearance; eye in a literal or figurative sense; a fountain). This is eye.
XCIV “speaking” = melal. Related to {untranslated} in v1. 5x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew malal (see note XIII above). This is to speak, say, utter.
XCV “arrogantly” = rabrab. Same as “great” in v3. See note XXV above.

As I watched,XCVI
thronesXCVII were set in place,XCVIII
    and an AncientXCIX OneC took his throne;CI

Notes on verse 9a

XCVI {untranslated} = hava. Same as {untranslated} in v2. See note XV above.
XCVII “thrones” = korse. 3x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew kisse (throne – a seat that is covered or has a canopy; a seat that conveys authority); from the same as kese (full moon); perhaps from kasah (to cover, conceal, overwhelm; to cover as clothes do or to hide a secret). This is throne.
XCVIII “set in place” = remah. 12x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew ramah (to betray, deceive, beguile, throw). This is to throw, set, assess.
XCIX “Ancient” = attiq. 3x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew attiq (old, ancient, removed); from atheq (to move, advance, remove or continue; figuratively, to grow old or to copy or transcribe). This is ancient or venerable.
C “One” = yom. 16x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew yom (root may mean being hot; day in a literal or figurative sense; birth, age, daylight, continually or other references to time). This is day or a non-specific length of time.
CI “took…throne” = yethib. 5x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to yashab (to sit and so to remain and so to dwell; sitting for any reason – as a judge, in order to ambush, or just sitting quietly; can mean settling or marrying; continue, endure, or establish). This is to sit, live, or settle.

his clothingCII was whiteCIII as snowCIV
    and the hairCV of his head like pureCVI wool;CVII

Notes on verse 9b

CII “clothing” = lebush. 2x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew lebush (clothing literally or figuratively; a euphemism for a wife); from labash (to wrap around, which implies clothing oneself or someone else; wrapping around in a literal or figurative way). This is clothing or garment.
CIII “white” = chivvar. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew chavar (to be or become white or pale). This is white.
CIV “snow” = telag. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew sheleg (snow, snowy); from shalag (to snow, be white). This is snow.
CV “hair” = sear. 3x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew sear (hair, hairy, rough); perhaps from sa’ar (to storm, scattered by a storm, blow away, rage, storm tossed; this is to toss in a literal or figurative sense). This is hair.
CVI “pure” = neqe. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew naqi (blameless, innocent, free from punishment, or clear); from naqah (to be empty, cleanse, acquit; to be clean in a literal or figurative sense). This is clean or pure.
CVII “wool” = amar. 1x in OT. Aramaic – perhaps corresponding to Hebrew tsemer (wool, shaggy thing). This is wool.

his throneCVIII was fieryCIX flames,CX
    and its wheelsCXI were burningCXII fire.CXIII

Notes on verse 9c

CVIII “throne” = korse. Same as “thrones” in v9. See note XCVII above.
CIX “fiery” = nur. 17x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew ner (properly, to glisten; a lamp, light, burner, candle; light literal or figurative); related to nir (to gleam, till). This is fire or fiery.
CX “flames” = shebib. 2x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew shabib (flame, spark); from the same as shabab (perhaps from a word for break up; fragment, splinter, blaze, ray). This is flame.
CXI “wheels” = galgal. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew galgal (wheel, wagon, whirl, whirlwind; something that rolls); from galal (to roll, roll away, wallow, commit, remove; rolling in a literal or figurative sense). This is a wheel.
CXII “burning” = delaq. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew dalaq (to burn or flame in a literal or figurative sense; to chase or hotly pursue). This is to burn.
CXIII “fire” = nur. Same as “fiery” in v9. See note CIX above.

10 A streamCXIV of fire issuedCXV
    and flowed outCXVI from his presence.CXVII

Notes on verse 10a

CXIV “stream” = nehar. 15x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew nahar (a stream, river, or flood; particularly used for the Nile or Euphrates; figuratively, prosperity); from nahar (to flow, sparkle, be cheerful). This is a river, also used to refer to the Euphrates.
CXV “issued” = negad. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew nagad (to declare, make conspicuous, stand in front, manifest, predict, explain). This is to stream or flow.
CXVI “flowed out” = nephaq. 11x in OT. Aramaic. This is to flow out, issue, come forth.
CXVII “presence” = qodam. Same as “preceded” in v7. See note LXXXII above.

A thousandCXVIII thousands servedCXIX him,
    and ten thousandCXX times ten thousand stood attendingCXXI CXXIIhim.

Notes on verse 10b

CXVIII “thousand” = alaph. 4x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew eleph (thousand); perhaps from the same as eleph (herd, cattle); from alaph (to learn, speak, associate with). This is thousand.
CXIX “served” = shemash. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to the same root as the Hebrew word shemesh (sun or toward the east; root may mean being brilliant; figuratively, a ray or an arch). This is to minister, serve, or attend to. It may imply work done during the day.
CXX “ten thousand” = ribbo. Related to “great” in v2 & “great” in v3. 2x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew ribbo (10,000; myriad); from rabab (being many or much, abounding, increasing, multiplying; cast together and so the sense of increasing, generally in number). This is 10,000 or myriad.
CXXI “stood attending” = qum. Same as “stand” in v4. See note XXXVIII above.
CXXII {untranslated} = qodam. Same as “preceded” in v7. See note LXXXII above.

The courtCXXIII sat in judgment,CXXIV
    and the booksCXXV were opened.CXXVI

Notes on verse 10c

CXXIII “court” = din. Related to “Daniel” in v1. 5x in OT. See note VI above.
CXXIV “sat…judgment” = yethib. Same as “took…throne” in v9. See note CI above.
CXXV “books” = sephar. 5x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew sepher (writing itself or something that is written like a document, book, letter, evidence, bill, scroll, or register); perhaps from saphar (to tally or record something; to enumerate, recount, number, celebrate, or declare). This is a book or roll or decree.
CXXVI “opened” = pethach. 2x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew pathach (to open wide in a literal or figurative sense; to open, draw out, let something go free, break forth, to plow, engrave, or carve). This is to open.

11 I watched CXXVIIthen because of the noiseCXXVIII of the arrogant wordsCXXIX that the horn was speaking. And as I watched,CXXX the beast was put to deathCXXXI

Notes on verse 11a

CXXVII {untranslated} = hava. Same as {untranslated} in v2. See note XV above.
CXXVIII “noise” = qal. 7x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew qol (a sound, used often for human voices; when God speaks or angels, animals or instruments; a cry or a noise, thunder or earthquakes and so on). This is sound or voice.
CXXIX “words” = millah. Same as {untranslated} in v1. See note XIII above.
CXXX {untranslated} = hava. Same as {untranslated} in v2. See note XV above.
CXXXI “put to death” = qetal. 7x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew qatal (to kill, cut off). This is to slay or kill.

and its bodyCXXXII destroyedCXXXIII and given overCXXXIV to be burnedCXXXV with fire.CXXXVI 

Notes on verse 11b

CXXXII “body” = geshem. 5x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew geshem (rain, shower); from gasham (to rain, shower strongly). This is body.
CXXXIII “destroyed” = abad. 7x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew abad (to wander off, lose self; to perish, destroy, die, vanish, or be broken or corrupt). This is to perish or destroy.
CXXXIV “given over” = yehab. Same as “given” in v4. See note XLIII above.
CXXXV “burned” = yeqedah. 1x in OT. Aramaic from yeqad (to burn, blaze); from Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew yaqad (to kindle or burn; a hearth). This is a burning or conflagration.
CXXXVI “fire” = esh. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew esh (fire, burning, flaming, hot; fire in a literal or figurative sense). This is a fire or flame.

12 As for the restCXXXVII of the beasts, their dominion was taken away,CXXXVIII but their livesCXXXIX

Notes on verse 12a

CXXXVII “rest” = shear. Same as “what was left” in v7. See note LXXX above.
CXXXVIII “taken away” = ada. 9x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew adah (to advance or continue; to take away or remove; adorning oneself with ornaments). This is to pass, remove, depart.
CXXXIX “lives” = chay. Related to “beasts” in v3. 7x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew chay (alive, living, lifetime; age; animals, plants, water, or a company or congregation of people – life in a very broad sense); from chayah (see note XXVI above). This is living, life, alive.

were prolongedCXL CXLIfor a seasonCXLII and a time.CXLIII 

Notes on verse 12b

CXL “prolonged” = arka. 2x in OT. Aramaic related to arkah (lengthening, prolonging); from Aramaic arak (fitting, proper, reaching a certain point); from Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew arak (to be long in a literal or figurative sense, to continue, defer, draw out, endure, delay). This is lengthening or extension.
CXLI {untranslated} = yehab. Same as “given” in v4. See note XLIII above.
CXLII “season” = zeman. 11x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew zeman (a specific time, occasion, or season); from zamam (to devise, plot, imagine, intend, scheme, think evil; usually in an evil sense). This is time, season, set period.
CXLIII “time” = iddan. 13x in OT. Aramaic from a root that corresponding with the root of Hebrew iddah (menstruation, filthy); akin to ed (filthy, set time, menstrual period). This is a specific time or situation. It could refer to a moment or a duration.

13 As I watchedCXLIV in the night visions,

CXLVI saw one like a human beingCXLVI
    comingCXLVII with the cloudsCXLVIII of heaven.

Notes on verse 13a

CXLIV {untranslated} = hava. Same as {untranslated} in v2. See note XV above.
CXLV {untranslated} = aru. Same as {untranslated} in v2. See note XVIII above.
CXLVI “human being” = bar + enash. Bar is 8x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew ben (son literal or figurative; also, grandson, subject, nation); from banah (to build or obtain children). This is son or age. Enash is the same as “human being” in v4. See note XL above.
CXLVII “coming” = athah. 16x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew athah (to come or bring; can refer to the past or future arriving). This is to come or become.
CXLVIII “clouds” = anan. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew anan (cloud as something that covers the sky); perhaps from anan (cover, cloud over; figuratively, acting in a secret way, practicing magic or soothsaying). This is a cloud.

AndCXLIX he cameCL to the Ancient One
    and was presentedCLI before him.
14 To him was given dominion
    and gloryCLII and kingship,CLIII

Notes on verses 13b-14a

CXLIX {untranslated} = hava. Same as {untranslated} in v2. See note XV above.
CL “came” = meta. 8x in OT. Aramaic perhaps corresponding to Hebrew matsa (to find, catch or acquire; to come forth or appear; figuratively, to meet or be together with). This is to reach, happen, arrive.
CLI “presented” = qereb. 9x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew qarab (to come near, offer, make ready). This is to approach, offer, present.
CLII “glory” = yeqar. 7x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew yeqar (value, honor, costliness, price); from yaqar (to be precious, costly, rare, valued; properly, to be heavy; figuratively, valuable or inhibit). This is honor or glory.
CLIII “kingship” = malku. Related to “king” in v1. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew malkut (royalty, kingdom, realm, empire – the power the sovereign has); from the same as melek (see note III above). This is kingdom, royalty, or dominion.

that all peoples,CLIV nations,CLV and languagesCLVI
    should serveCLVII him.

Notes on verse 14b

CLIV “peoples” = am. 15x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew am (people or nation; a tribe, troops or armies, or figuratively to refer to a flock of animals); from amam (to darken, hide, associate; creating shadows by huddling together). This is people.
CLV “nations” = ummah. 8x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew ummah (tribe or other community); from the same as em (mother as binding a family together or a breeding female animal; mother in a literal or figurative sense). This is nation.
CLVI “languages” = lishshan. 7x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew lashon (tongue, talker, language, or wedge; a tongue of flame or a water cove); from lashan (to lick, slander). This is tongue, speech, or nation.
CLVII “serve” = pelach. 10x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew palach (to slice, bring forth, plow, work, pierce). This is to serve, minister, revere.

His dominion is an everlastingCLVIII dominion
    that shall not pass away,CLIX
and his kingship is one
    that shall never be destroyed.CLX

15 As for me, Daniel, my spiritCLXI was troubledCLXII

Notes on verses 14c-15a

CLVIII “everlasting” = alam. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew olam (a long scope of time whether in the past (antiquity, ancient time) or in the future (eternal, everlasting)). This is old or everlasting. It is a point of time in the distant past or indefinite future.
CLIX “pass away” = ada. Same as “taken away” in v12. See note CXXXVIII above.
CLX “destroyed” = chabal. 6x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew chabal (to break, destroy, ruin). This is to destroy or harm.
CLXI “spirit” = ruach. Same as “winds” in v2. See note XX above.
CLXII “was troubled” = kera. 1x in OT. Aramaic probably corresponding to Hebrew karah (to dig or open up; to plot or make a banquet). This is to be troubled or grieved.

withinCLXIII me,CLXIV and the visions of my head terrifiedCLXV me. 16 I approachedCLXVI oneCLXVII of the attendantsCLXVIII

Notes on verses 15b-16a

CLXIII “within” = gav. 13x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew gev (the back or body; by analogy, among or in the middle); from ga’ah (to rise up, increase, grow, be highly exalted; figuratively to be majestic). This is midst, within, same.
CLXIV “me” = nidneh. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew nadan (sheath). This is a sheath or body – refers to the body as a vessel for the soul.
CLXV “terrified” = behal. 11x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew bahal (to be afraid, dismayed, amazed; deep trembling within; figuratively, being suddenly agitated; implies moving or acting quickly/anxiously). This is to alarm, terrify, hurry.
CLXVI “approached” = qereb. Same as “presented” in v13. See note CLI above.
CLXVII “one” = chad. Same as “first” in v1. See note I above.
CLXVIII “attendants” = qum. Same as “stand” in v4. See note XXXVIII above.

to askCLXIX him the truthCLXX concerning all this. So he saidCLXXI that he would discloseCLXXII to me

Notes on verse 16b

CLXIX “ask” = bea. 12x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew baah (to inquire, search, boil, or swell out; figuratively, to sincerely desire). This is to request, ask, seek, pray.
CLXX “truth” = yatstsiyb. 5x in OT. Aramaic from Hebrew yetsab (to make sure, be firm, speak with certainty); corresponding to Hebrew yatsab (to set oneself, take a stand, remain, continue, to station or set something in place). This is certainty, certain, true, stand fast, truth.
CLXXI “said” = amar. Same as {untranslated} in v1. See note XIII above.
CLXXII “disclose” = yeda. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew yada (to know, be aware, see and so understand – includes observation, care, recognition; can also be used as a euphemism). This is to know, certify, teach.

the interpretationCLXXIII of the matter:CLXXIV 

17 “As for these four greatCLXXV beasts, four kings shall arise out of the earth.CLXXVI 

Notes on verses 16c-17

CLXXIII “interpretation” = peshar. Aramaic from peshar (to interpret); corresponding to Hebrew pathar (to open up, which is to say to interpret). This is interpretation.
CLXXIV “matter” = millah. Same as {untranslated} in v1. See note XIII above.
CLXXV “great” = rabrab. Same as “great” in v3. See note XXV above.
CLXXVI “earth” = ara. Same as “ground” in v4. See note XXXVII above.

18 But the holy onesCLXXVII of the Most HighCLXXVIII shall receiveCLXXIX

Notes on verse 18a

CLXXVII “holy ones” = qaddish. 13x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew qadosh (sacred or holy in a ritual or moral sense; a holy one, saint, angel); a holy place, the sanctuary; God, the Holy One); from qodesh (set apart and so sacred; God is different from us and so God is holy/set apart; things we dedicate to God’s service are set apart for God and so they, too, are holy); related to qadash (set apart, consecrated, hallowed, sanctified; something or someone set apart for a holy purpose or use – ceremonially or morally clean).. This is holy, saint.
CLXXVIII “Most High” = Elyon. 4x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew Elyon (high, upper; elevation – so, lofty); from alah (to go up, ascend, be high, be a priority; to arise in a literal or figurative sense). This is God, the Most High or Supreme.
CLXXIX “receive” = qabbel. 3x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to qabal (to receive, undertake, choose, adopt as a custom; literal or figurative). This is to receive or take.

the kingdomCLXXX and possessCLXXXI the kingdom forever—forever and ever.”CLXXXII

Notes on verse 18b

CLXXX “kingdom” = malku. Same as “kingship” in v14. See note CLIII above.
CLXXXI “possess” = chasan. 2x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew chasan (to treasure up, be compact, hoard); from chosen (treasure, strength). This is to possess or occupy.
CLXXXII “forever – forever and ever” = ad + alam + ad + alam + alam. Literally, “even to everlasting and to everlasting and everlasting.” Alam is the same as “everlasting” in v14. See note CLVIII above.


Image credit: “The Ancient of Days” by Leonard J Matthews, 2013. Detail of image in 16×9 format.

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