1 Samuel 11

^I “Nahash” = Nachash. 9x in OT. From the same as nachash (serpent, snake); from nachash (to divine, interpret omens, learn from experience, observe; to hiss). This is Nahash or Nachash, meaning “serpent” or “bronze” or “oracle.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Nahash.html
^II “Ammonite” = Ammoni. 17x in OT. From Ammon (Ammon, Ammonite; perhaps meaning “tribal”); {from im (with, against, before, beside); {perhaps from amam (to darken, hide, associate; creating shadows by huddling together)} OR from am (people or nation; a tribe, troops or armies, or figuratively to refer to a flock of animals); {from amam (see above)}}. This is Ammonite or like the Ammonites.
^III “went up” = alah. This is to go up, approach, ascend, be high, be a priority; to arise in a literal or figurative sense.

^IV “besieged” = chanah. This is decline, bending down, or living in tents. It can be camping to create a home or camping as a part of battle.
^V “Jabesh” = Yabesh. From yabesh (to dry up, be withered, be dry; to be ashamed, confused, or disappointed). This is Jabesh or Yabesh, a place whose name means “dry” or “arid.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Jabesh.html
^VI “gilead” = gilad. From gala (to lay bare, quarrel, expose) OR from gal’ed (heap of testimony); {from gal (wave, billow, rock pile; something rolled; a spring of water); {from galal (to roll, roll away, wallow, commit, remove; rolling in a literal or figurative sense)} + ed (witness, testimony, recorder); from ud (to admonish, repeat, duplicate, testify, restore, record, relieve)}}. This is Gilead, meaning “perpetual fountain” or “heap of testimony.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Gilead.html#.Xw_EFShKhPY.

^VII “all” = kol. From kalal (to complete). This is all or every.
^VIII “men” = ish. Perhaps from enosh (human, humankind, mortal); from anash (to be weak, sick, or frail). This is man, husband, another, or humankind.
^IX “said” = amar. This is to speak, say, answer, command, promise, report.
^X “make” = karat. This is to cut down, cut off, or make a covenant (idiom for making a covenant is “to cut a covenant”). It can also mean to destroy, fail, or consume.
^XI “treaty” = berit. Perhaps from barah (to eat, choose, make clear); perhaps from bar (grain, wheat); from barar (to select, purify, cleanse, test, brighten, polish). This is a compact, covenant, alliance, treaty, or league.
^XII “serve” = abad. This is to work, serve, or compel. It can describe any kind of work or service (including religious devotion).  Also, till or cultivate. Used causatively, it can mean to enslave or keep in bondage.

^XIII “gouge out” = naqar. 6x in OT. This is to bore, dig, pick, gouge, pick out, quarry, or penetrate. It is used for gouging out eyes, having eyes pecked out, and a quarry being dug.
^XIV “everyone’s” = kol. Same as “all” in v1. See note VII above.
^XV “right” = yamin. May be from yamam (to go or choose the right, use the right hand; to be physically fit or firm). This can mean right hand, right side, or south. Since most people are right-handed, the metaphorical usage of this word presumes that the right hand is stronger and more agile. Thus, it is the instrument of power and action.
^XVI “eye” = ayin. This is eye in a literal or figurative sense so eye, appearance, favor, or a fountain (the eye of the landscape).

^XVII “put” = sim. This is to put or place in a literal or figurative sense. It can be appoint, care, change, make, and may other things.
^XVIII “disgrace” = cherpah. From charaph (to expose and so figuratively to reproach, defame, carp at, defy). This is reproach, rebuke, shame, or disgrace. It can also refer to genitals.
^XIX “Israel” = Yisrael. From sarah (to persist, exert oneself, contend, persevere, wrestle, prevail) + El (God or god). This is Israel, meaning God strives or one who strives with God; new name for Jacob and for his offspring. This refers to the people and to the land.

^XX “elders” = zaqen. From the same as zaqan (beard or chin – the beard represents old age). This is old, aged, or elder.
^XXI “seven” = sheba. This is seven or by sevenfold. It can also be used to imply a week or an indefinite number. Symbolically, this is the number of fullness, sacredness, perfection.
^XXII “days’” = yom. Root may mean being hot. This is the day in a literal or figurative sense. It can also mean birth, age, daylight, continually or other references to time.
^XXIII “give…respite” = raphah. This is to slacken in a literal or figurative sense. So, it could be to hang, be feeble, fail, drop, be helpless, relax, slink, subside, or wait.
^XXIV “send” = shalach. This is to send out, away, send for, forsake. It can also mean to divorce or set a slave free.
^XXV “messengers” = malak. This is a messenger, an angel, or a deputy of some kind. Can be used for human messengers literally or for prophets, priests, or teachers as messengers of God. Also used for supernatural messengers i.e. angels.

^XXVI “territory” = gebul. Perhaps from gabal (to border, twist like rope). This is boundary, limit, coast, space. Properly, it is a line that is twisted, which implies a boundary and, by extension, the boundaries of a territory or other enclosed space.
^XXVII “no one” = ayin. Perhaps from a word that means to be nothing. This means nothing, none, non-existent. It can also simply mean not or are not.
^XXVIII “save” = yasha. To deliver, defend, help, preserve, rescue, be safe. Properly, to be open, wide or free, which implies being safe. Used causatively, it means to free.
^XXIX “give…up” = yatsa. This is to go or come out, bring forth, appear. It is to go out in a literal or figurative sense.

^XXX “came” = bo. This is to enter, come in, advance, fulfill, bring offerings, enter to worship, attack. It can also have a sexual connotation.
^XXXI “Gibeah” = Gibah. From the same as Geba (Geba or Gibeah; hillock); from the same as gabia (cup, bowl, flower; root might mean being convex). This is Gibeah, a city whose name means “hill.”
^XXXII “Saul” = Shaul. From shaal (to ask, inquire, beg, borrow, desire, request; can also mean demand). This is Saul or Shaul, meaning “asked of the Lord.”
^XXXIII “reported” = dabar. This is generally to speak, answer, declare, or command. It might mean to arrange and so to speak in a figurative sense as arranging words.
^XXXIV “matter” = dabar. Related to “reported” in v4. From dabar (see note XXXIII above). This is speech, a word, a matter, an affair, charge, command, message, promise, purpose, report, request. It is a word, which implies things that are spoken of in a wide sense.

^XXXV “hearing” = ozen. This is ear, hearing, audience, show. Properly, it is broadness – applied to its ear in reference to its shape.
^XXXVI “people” = am. Related to “Ammonite” in v1. See note II above.
^XXXVII “wept” = bakah. This is to weep, complain, or lament.
^XXXVIII “aloud” = nasa…qol. Literally, “lifted up…their voices.” Nasa is to lift in a broad sense, literally and figuratively. So it could be to carry, take, or arise. It could also be bring forth, advance, accept. Qol is a sound, used often for human voices. Also used when God speaks or angels, animals or instruments. It can be a cry or a noise, thunder or earthquakes and so on.

^XXXIX “now” = hinneh. From hen (lo! Behold! If, though; an expression of surprise). This is to draw attention, show suddenness or surprise, or to emphasize the importance of the coming statement. See! Lo! Behold!
^XL “field” = sadeh. From the same as shadday (almighty, field, land); from shadad (to devastate, ruin, destroy, oppress, be powerful). Or, it may be from a word that means to spread out. This is field, ground, soil, or land. It can be used to mean wild as in a wild animal.
^XLI “behind” = achar. From achar (to remain behind, linger, continue, be behind, or delay; can also imply procrastination). This is after or the last part, following.
^XLII “oxen” = baqar. From baqar (to plow, break forth; figuratively, to inquire, inspect, consider). This is cattle – an animal used for plowing.

^XLIII “told” = saphar. From sepher (writing, document, book, evidence). This is properly to tally or record something. It can be enumerate, recount, number, celebrate, or declare.
^XLIV “message” = dabar. Same as “matter” in v4. See note XXXIV above.
^XLV “inhabitants” = enosh. Related to “men” in v1. See note VIII above.
^XLVI “spirit” = ruach. From ruach (smell, breathe, perceive, anticipate, accept, enjoy). This is breath, wind, air, cool, spirit. This is wind, which resembles the breath and so this can be used figuratively for life itself or being frail/mortal/impermanent. It can refer to the air of the sky or the spirit.
^XLVII “God” = Elohim. Related to “Israel” in v2. See note XI above.

^XLVIII “came” = tsalach. This is pushing forward in a literal or figurative sense. So it could be to break out, to come mightily, to rush, to go over. Figuratively, it could mean to prosper.
^XLIX “heard” = shama. This is to hear, call, consent, or consider. It implies listening intelligently, giving attention, and, because of these two factors, obedience and action are often implied.
^L “words” = dabar. Same as “matter” in v4. See note XXXIV above.
^LI “anger” = aph. From anaph (to be angry; properly, breathing hard as a signifier of being enraged). This properly refers to the nose or nostril and by extension the face. It can specifically refer to anger or wrath as one breathes hard and nostrils flare in times of great anger.

^LII “greatly” = meod. Perhaps from the same as uwd (firebrand, a poker). This is very, greatly, exceedingly. It can also mean vehemence, force, abundance.
^LIII “kindled” = charah. Perhaps related to charar (to be hot, burn, glow, melt, be scorched; figuratively, to incite passion, be angry). This is to be displeased, burn with anger, glow, become warn. Figuratively it is a blaze of anger, zeal, or jealousy.
^LIV “took” = laqach. This is to take, accept, carry away, receive. It can also have the sense of take a wife or take in marriage.
^LV “yoke” = tsemed. 15x in OT. From tsamad (to bind, attach, frame, serve, or contrive). This is a pair, together, yoke, team. It can also be used for an acre because it would take a team of cattle a whole day to plow it.

^LVI “cut…in pieces” = nathach. 9x in OT. This is to dismember or divide at the joints.
^LVII {untranslated} = yad. Literally, “by the hands of.” This is hand, ability, power. Hand in a literal sense, but also what one can do or the means by which one does it.
^LVIII “not” = ayin. Same as “no one” in v3. See note XXVII above.
^LIX “come out” = yatsa. Same as “give…up” in v3. See note XXIX above.
^LX “after” = achar. Same as “behind” in v5. See note XLI above.

^LXI {untranslated} = achar. Same as “behind” in v5. See note XLI above.
^LXII “Samuel” = Shemuel. Related to “put” in v2 & to “Israel” in v2 & “God” in v6 & to “heard” in v6. From shem (name, fame, renown; indicating something essential about a person; honor, authority, or character); {may be from sim (see note XVII above)} + El (see note XIX above) OR from shama (see note XLIX above) + El (see note XIX above). This is Samuel meaning either the “name of God” or “heard of God.”
^LXIII “so” = koh. Perhaps from ki (that, for when, certainly) + hu (he, she, it). This is like this, thus, here, now.
^LXIV “done” = asah. This is to make, do, act, appoint, become in many senses.

^LXV “dread” = pachad. From pachad (to dread, be afraid, thrill, be in awe; feeling startled from a sudden sound or alarm). This is dread, fear, awe, panic. It can also refer to what someone fears or dreads.
^LXVI “Lord” = YHVH. From havah (to be, become) or hayah (to come to pass, become, be). This is the name of the God of Israel, the self-existent and eternal one, the tetragrammaton. This pronunciation has been lost to time so “Lord” is generally used in its place.
^LXVII “fell” = naphal. This is to fall, whether by accident, to fall prostrate, or to fall in violent death. Figuratively, it can refer to personal ruin or calamity, a city falling, an attack or a falling away. It can also be a deep sleep or wasting away.

^LXVIII “came out” = yatsa. Same as “give…up” in v3. See note XXIX above.
^LXIX “one” = echad. Perhaps from achad (to unify, continue on a path; figuratively, to gather one’s thoughts). This is the number one, first, united. It can also be alone, altogether, a certain, a few.
^LXX {untranslated} = ish. Same as “men” in v1. See note VIII above.
^LXXI “mustered” = paqad. This is to attend to or visit – can be used for a friendly or violent encounter. So, it can be to oversee, care for, avenge, or charge.
^LXXII “Bezek” = Bezeq. 3x in OT– 2x in Judges & 1x in 1 Samuel. From the same as bazaq (lightning flash). This is Bezek, a place whose name means “lighting” or “flash of lighting” or “scattering.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Bezek.html
^LXXIII “those” = ben. Literally, “children of.” From banah (to build or obtain children). This is son, age, child. It is son in a literal or figurative sense.

^LXXIV “were” = hayah. Related to “Lord” in v7. See note LXVI above.
^LXXV “three” = shalosh. This is three, fork, three times.
^LXXVI “hundred” = meah. This is hundred or some number times one hundred (i.e. hundredfold or the base of two hundred, three hundred, etc.).
^LXXVII “thousand” = eleph. Perhaps from the same as eleph (herd, cattle); from alaph (to learn, speak, associate with). This is thousand.
^LXXVIII “those” = ish. Same as “men” in v1. See note VIII above.
^LXXIX “Judah” = Yehudah. Probably from yadah (to throw one’s hands into the air in a gesture of praise); from yad (hand). This is Judah, meaning “praised.”
^LXXX “seventy” = sheloshim. Related to “three” in v8. From the same as shalosh (see note LXXV above). This is thirty or thirtieth.

^LXXXI “come” = bo. Same as “came” in v4. See note XXX above.
^LXXXII “thus” = koh. Same as “so” in v7. See note LXIII above.
^LXXXIII “inhabitants” = ish. Same as “men” in v1. See note VIII above.
^LXXXIV “tomorrow” = machar. Related to “behind” in v5. Perhaps from achar (see note XLI above). This is tomorrow or later. It is some kind of deferred time, so it could also mean indefinitely or refer to the time to come.
^LXXXV “sun” = shemesh. This is sun or toward the east. Its root may mean being brilliant. Figuratively, this could be a ray or an arch.
^LXXXVI “hot” = chom. 14x in OT. From chamam (to be warm, heat; to be hot in a literal or figurative sense; to mate). This is hot or warmth.

^LXXXVII “have” = hayah. Same as “were” in v8. See note LXXIV above.
^LXXXVIII “deliverance” = teshuah. Related to “save” in v3. From yasha (see note XXVIII above). This is deliverance or salvation.
^LXXXIX “came” = bo. Same as “came” in v4. See note XXX above.
^XC “told” = nagad. This is to declare, make conspicuous, stand in front, manifest, predict, explain.
^XCI “inhabitants” = ish. Same as “men” in v1. See note VIII above.
^XCII “rejoiced” = samach. This is to rejoice or be glad. Properly, it is to brighten up in a literal or figurative sense.

^XCIII “inhabitants” = enosh. Same as “inhabitants” in v5. See note XLV above.
^XCIV “give…up” = yatsa. Same as “give…up” in v3. See note XXIX above.
^XCV “whatever” = kol. Same as “all” in v1. See note VII above.
^XCVI “good” = tob. From tob (to be pleasing, to be good). This is good, beautiful, pleasant, agreeable, bountiful, at ease. This word is used for goodness as a concept, a good thing, a good person. This can refer to prosperity and welfare as well as joy, kindness, sweetness, and graciousness. So, this is ethically good, but also enjoyably good.
^XCVII “you” = ayin. Same as “eye” in v2. See note XVI above.

^XCVIII {untranslated} = hayah. Same as “were” in v8. See note LXXIV above.
^XCIX “next day” = mochorath. Related to “behind” in v5 & “tomorrow” in v9. From the same as machar (see note LXXXIV above). This is the next day or next morning.
^C “companies” = rosh. This may come a word that means to shake. It is the head, captain, or chief. It can also be excellent or the forefront. It can be first in position or in statue or in time (i.e. the beginning).
^CI “morning” = boqer. Related to “oxen” in v5. From baqar (see note XLII above). This refers to the break of day. So it is dawn, early, morning, or morrow.
^CII “watch” = ashmoreth. 7x in OT. From shamar (to keep, watch, or preserve; to guard something or to protect it as a thorny hedge protects something). This is a watch.

^CIII “came” = bo. Same as “came” in v4. See note XXX above.
^CIV “into” = tavek. This is among, middle, in the midst, the center. Perhaps, properly, to sever.
^CV “camp” = machaneh. Related to “besieged” in v1. From chanah (see note IV above). This is an encampment, whether of people traveling together or soldiers. So, it can be a camp band, or company as well as an army of soldiers. Also can be used of other groups like animals, angels or stars.
^CVI “cut down” = nakah. This is to hit whether lightly or severely. It can be used in a literal or figurative sense. So, this could be beat, punish, give wounds, kill, or slaughter.
^CVII “Ammonites” = Ammon. Related to “Ammonite” in v1 & “people” in v4. See note II above.

^CVIII {untranslated} = hayah. Same as “were” in v8. See note LXXIV above.
^CIX “survived” = shaar. Properly, this is swelling up i.e. being left over, a remnant, remaining, being redundant.
^CX “scattered” = puts. This is to dash in pieces, scatter, disperse, drive.
^CXI “two” = shenayim. From sheni (double, again, another, second); from shanah (to fold, repeat, double, alter, or disguise). This is two, both, second, couple.
^CXII “were left” = shaar. Same as “survived” in v11. See note CIX above.
^CXIII “together” = yachad. From yachad (to join, be united). This is a unit, both, altogether, unitedness, alike.

^CXIV “reign” = malak. To be or become king or queen, to rise to the throne, to be crowned. By implication, to take counsel. This word may be from the Hebrew word for king “melek” or vice versa.
^CXV “give” = natan. This is to give, put, set, offer. It is to give literally or figuratively.
^CXVI “them” = ish. Same as “men” in v1. See note VIII above.
^CXVII “put…to death” = mut. This is to die in a literal or figurative sense. It can also refer to being a dead body.
^CXVIII “one” = ish. Same as “men” in v1. See note VIII above.
^CXIX “today” = yom. Same as “days” in v3. See note XXII above.
^CXX “brought” = asah. Same as “done” in v7. See note LXIV above.

^CXXI “come” = halak. This is go, come, walk. It is walk literally and figuratively and includes people and animals. It can be used figuratively for one’s moral life – how we walk according to God’s way or against it. It can also refer to the walk of life as in the course one’s life takes, the choices we make, etc.
^CXXII “go” = halak. Same as “come” in v14. See note CXXI above.
^CXXIII “Gilgal” = Gilgal. Related to “gilead” in v1. From galgal (wheel, wagon, whirl, whirlwind; something that rolls); from galal (see note VI above). This is Gilgal – perhaps circle of stones.
^CXXIV “renew” = chadash. 10x in OT. This is to renew or restore, to repair or rebuild.
^CXXV “kingship” = melukah. Related to “reign” in v12. From the same as melek (see note CXIV above). This is kingship, kingdom, reign. It can also mean royalty.

^CXXVI “went” = halak. Same as “come” in v14. See note CXXI above.
^CXXVII “made…king” = malak. Same as “reign” in v12. See note CXIV above.
^CXXVIII “before” = paneh. From panah (to turn, face, appear). This is face in a literal or figurative sense. It could be face, presence, anger, respect. It can also be used of God to indicate divine favor or presence.
^CXXIX “sacrificed” = zabach. This is slaughtering an animal, generally for the purpose of sacrifice. It can mean kill or offer.

^CXXX “offerings” = zebach. Related to “sacrificed” in v15. From zabach (see note CXXIX above). This is a slaughter – literally of an animal. So, it implies the act or the animals used in sacrifice. Further, it can mean offering.
^CXXXI “well-being” = shelem. From shalam (to make amends, finish, be safe, be friendly, to be complete or sound). This is a peace offering or a sacrifice of well-being. It was a voluntary offering given when one celebrated thanksgiving, alliance, or friendship.
^CXXXII “before” = paneh. Same as “before” in v15. See note CXXVIII above.
^CXXXIII “Israelites” = ish + Yisrael. Literally, “men of Israel.” Ish is the same as “men” in v1. See note VIII above. Yisrael is the same as “Israel” in v2. See note XIX above.