1 Samuel 12

^I “Samuel” = Shemuel. From shem (name, fame, renown; indicating something essential about a person; honor, authority, or character); {may be from sum (to put, place, set)} + El (God, a god) OR from shama (hear, call, consent, or consider; implies listening intelligently, giving attention; obedience and action are often implied) + El (God, a god).This is Samuel meaning either the “name of God” or “heard of God.”
^II “said” = amar. This is to speak, say, answer, command, promise, report.
^III “all” = kol. From kalal (to complete). This is all or every.
^IV “Israel” = Yisrael. Related to “Samuel” in v1. From sarah (to persist, exert oneself, contend, persevere, wrestle, prevail) + El (see note I above). This is Israel, meaning God strives or one who strives with God; new name for Jacob and for his offspring. This refers to the people and to the land.

^V {untranslated} = hinneh. From hen (lo! Behold! If, though; an expression of surprise). This is to draw attention, show suddenness or surprise, or to emphasize the importance of the coming statement. See! Lo! Behold!
^VI “listened” = shama. Related to “Samuel” in v1. See note I above.
^VII “you” = qol. Literally, “your voice.” This is a sound, used often for human voices. Also used when God speaks or angels, animals or instruments. It can be a cry or a noise, thunder or earthquakes and so on.
^VIII “set” = malak. To be or become king or queen, to rise to the throne, to be crowned. By implication, to take counsel. This word may be from the Hebrew word for king “melek” or vice versa.
^IX “king” = melek. Related to “set” in v1. From malak (see note VIII above). This is king or royal.

^X “see” = hinneh. Same as {untranslated} in v1. See note V above.
^XI “leads” = halak + paneh. Literally, “walking before you.” Halak is go, come, walk. It is walk literally and figuratively and includes people and animals. It can be used figuratively for one’s moral life – how we walk according to God’s way or against it. It can also refer to the walk of life as in the course one’s life takes, the choices we make, etc. Paneh is from panah (to turn, face, appear). This is face in a literal or figurative sense. It could be face, presence, anger, respect. It can also be used of God to indicate divine favor or presence.
^XII “now” = attah. Perhaps from et (a period or season; whenever or continually); probably from anah (to answer, sing, announce); from ad (forever, all, old); from adah (to pass on, advance, decorate oneself). This is now, from now on.

^XIII “am old” = zaqen. From the same as zaqan (beard or chin – the beard represents old age). This is to be old or grow old.
^XIV “gray” = sib. 2x in OT. This is to become gray, which is to say, become old.
^XV “sons” = ben. From banah (to build or obtain children). This is son, age, child. It is son in a literal or figurative sense.
^XVI {untranslated} = hinneh. Same as {untranslated} in v1. See note V above.
^XVII “led” = halak + paneh. Same as “leads” in v2. See note XI above.
^XVIII “youth” = naur. From naar (child or a servant; a child in their active years so they could be aged anywhere from infancy to adolescence); perhaps from naar (to shake, toss up and down, tumble around). This is youth or childhood.
^XIX “day” = yom. Root may mean being hot. This is the day in a literal or figurative sense. It can also mean birth, age, daylight, continually or other references to time.

^XX “here” = hen. Related to {untranslated} in v1. See note V above.
^XXI “testify” = anah. Related to “now” in v2. See note XII above.
^XXII “before” = neged. From nagad (to declare, make conspicuous, stand in front, manifest, predict, explain). This is in front of, opposite to. It can refer to a counterpart or partner, one corresponding to or in the sight of.
^XXIII “Lord” = YHVH. From havah (to be, become) or hayah (to come to pass, become, be). This is the name of the God of Israel, the self-existent and eternal one, the tetragrammaton. This pronunciation has been lost to time so “Lord” is generally used in its place.
^XXIV “anointed” = mashiach. From mashach (to smear or anoint; to run oil on, to consecrate). This is the anointed or consecrated one. So, it could refer to a king, priest, or saint. It is also the root of the word “messiah.”

^XXV “ox” = shor. Perhaps from shur (to travel, turn, journey; travelling like a prostitute or a merchant). This is bull, ox, head of cattle, cow.
^XXVI “taken” = laqach. This is to take, accept, carry away, receive. It can also have the sense of take a wife or take in marriage.
^XXVII “donkey” = chamor. From chamar (to be red, blush). This is a male donkey.
^XXVIII “defrauded” = ashaq. This is to wrong, deceive, violate, or use oppression.
^XXIX “oppressed” = ratsats. 19x in OT. This is properly cracking in pieces. It is used in a literal or figurative sense. So, crush, break, bruise, struggle, discourage, oppress.

^XXX “hand” = yad. This is hand, ability, power. Hand in a literal sense, but also what one can do or the means by which one does it.
^XXXI “bribe” = kopher. 17x in OT– including covering Noah’s ark with pitch in Genesis 6. From kaphar (to appease, cover, pacify, cancel, cleanse, pardon). This is ransom, bribe, price of a life. Properly, it means something that covers something else. So, it can be a village, bitumen as a coating, a henna plant that dyes, or a ransom price.
^XXXII “blind” = alam. This is to bind or tie fast. When applied to the mouth, it means to be silent or speechless. This can be voluntary or involuntary.
^XXXIII “eyes” = ayin. This is eye in a literal or figurative sense so eye, appearance, favor, or a fountain (the eye of the landscape).
^XXXIV “restore” = shub. To turn back, return, turn away – literally or figuratively. Doesn’t necessarily imply going back to where you started from. This is also the root verb for the Hebrew word for repentance “teshubah.”

^XXXV “anything” = meumah. From the same as mum (defect – an ethical one or a literal bodily one). Its root may mean to stain. This can mean a speck or fault. More broadly, it can also refer to anything or nothing.
^XXXVI “anyone” = ish. Perhaps from enosh (human, humankind, mortal); from anash (to be weak, sick, or frail). This is man, husband, another, or humankind.
^XXXVII “witness” = ed. From ud (to admonish, repeat, duplicate, testify, restore, record, relieve). This is a witness, testimony, or one who records testimony. It can also refer to a prince.
^XXXVIII “found” = matsa. This is to find, catch or acquire. It can also mean to come forth or appear. Figuratively, this can mean to meet or be together with.

^XXXIX “people” = am. From amam (to darken, hide, associate; creating shadows by huddling together). This is people or nation. It can be used specifically for a tribe, collectively of troops or armies, or figuratively to refer to a flock of animals.
^XL “appointed” = asah. This is to make, do, act, appoint, become in many senses.
^XLI “Moses” = Mosheh. From mashah (to pull out in a literal or figurative sense, to draw out) OR from Egyptian mes or mesu (child, son i.e. child of…). This is Moses – the one drawn out from the water, which is to say, rescued. If derived from the Egyptian, his name would share a root with Rameses and Thutmose.
^XLII “Aaron” = Aharon. Derivation uncertain. May mean “bearer of martyrs” OR be related to Ancient Egyptian ꜥḥꜣ rw (warrior lion) OR elevated, exalted, high mountain. This is Aaron. See https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Aaron

^XLIII “ancestors” = ab. This is father, chief, or ancestor. It is father in a literal or figurative sense.
^XLIV “brought…up” = alah. This is to go up, approach, ascend, be high, be a priority; to arise in a literal or figurative sense.
^XLV “land” = erets. Root may mean to be firm. This is earth, ground, field land, or country.
^XLVI “Egypt” = Mitsrayim. Perhaps from matsor (besieged or fortified place, bulwark, entrenchment; something hemmed in; a siege or distress or fastness); from tsur (to confine, besiege, to cramp). This is Egypt.
^XLVII “now, therefore” = attah. Same as “now” in v2. See note XII above.
^XLVIII “take…stand” = yatsab. This is to set oneself, take a stand, remain, continue, to station or set something in place.

^XLIX “enter into judgment” = shaphat. This is to judge, defend, pronounce judgment, condemn, or govern. It can refer to God judging or to human judges. This is pronouncing a verdict in favor or against so it implies consequences or punishment. It can also mean to litigate or govern as one with authority.
^L “before” = paneh. Same as “leads” in v2. See note XI above.
^LI “Lord” = YHVH. Related to “Lord” in v3. From the same as YHVH (see note XXIII above). This is a secondary spelling of the Lord, the name of the God of Israel. It has the same meaning.
^LII “righteous acts” = tsedaqah. From the same as tsedeq (rightness, righteousness, vindication. It is everything that is just or ethical. That which is right in a natural, moral, or legal sense. It also includes just weights (i.e. true weights). Figuratively, this is justice, righteousness, equity – even prosperity). This is righteousness, justice, righteous acts, and moral virtue.

^LIII “Lord” = YHVH. Same as “Lord” in v7. See note LI above.
^LIV “performed” = asah. Same as “appointed” in v6. See note XL above.
^LV “Jacob” = Yaaqob. From the same as aqeb (heel, hind part, hoof, rear guard of an army, one who lies in wait, usurper). This is Isaac’s son and his descendants. The name means heel-catcher or supplanter.
^LVI “went” = bo. This is to enter, come in, advance, fulfill, bring offerings, enter to worship, attack. It can also have a sexual connotation.

^LVII “cried” = zaaq. This is to cry or call out. It can be a call to assemble or gather together. By analogy, this could refer to a herald who announces a public gathering. It could also be a shriek from pain or danger.
^LVIII “Lord” = YHVH. Same as “Lord” in v3. See note XXIII above.
^LIX “Lord” = YHVH. Same as “Lord” in v3. See note XXIII above.
^LX “sent” = shalach. This is to send out, away, send for, forsake. It can also mean to divorce or set a slave free.
^LXI “brought forth” = yatsa. This is to go or come out, bring forth, appear. It is to go out in a literal or figurative sense.

^LXII “settled” = yashab. This is to sit and so to remain and so to dwell. It is sitting for any reason – as a judge, in order to ambush, or just sitting quietly. Causatively, this can mean settling or marrying. This can also mean continue, endure, or establish.
^LXIII “place” = maqom. From qum (to arise, stand, accomplish, establish, abide; rising against, getting up after being sick or asleep, arising from one state to another, becoming powerful, or rising for action; standing in a figurative sense). This is a standing, which is to say a spot or space a place. It can also refer to a locality or a physical/mental condition. HaMaqom is also a Jewish name for God – the place, i.e. the Omnipresent One.
^LXIV “forgot” = shakach. This is to forget because of not remembering something or not paying attention to it. It can also mean to mislay.
^LXV “Lord” = YHVH. Same as “Lord” in v3. See note XXIII above.
^LXVI “God” = Elohim. Related to “Samuel” and “Israel” in v1. See note I above.

^LXVII “sold” = makar. This is to sell – could be commerce/trade, a daughter to be married, someone into slavery. Figuratively, it can mean to surrender.
^LXVIII “Sisera” = Sisera. Perhaps from Hittite verb (to meditate) OR related to sus (root may mean to skip as in jump for joy; a crane or a swift bird; a horse as leaping) + raah (to see, show, stare, think, view; to see in a literal or figurative sense). This is Sisera, perhaps meaning “meditation, “keen and swift,” or “see the horse.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Sisera.html#.X2FO22hKhPY
^LXIX “commander” = sar. This is chief, leader, ruler, lord, official, governor, prince, military leader. It refers to someone at the top of a rank or class.
^LXX “army” = tsaba. From tsaba (to wage war, serve, assemble, fight, perform, muster, wait on). This is a large group of persons (used figuratively for a group of things). It implies a campaign literally as with army, war, warfare, battle, company, soldiers. Can also be used figuratively for hardship or for worship.
^LXXI “Hazor” = Chatsor. 18x in OT. From the same as chatser (village, settlement); from chatser (enclosure or court – a yard that is fenced in. It could also be a village or hamlet that is walled in); from chatsar (to blow a trumpet, trumpeter, to surround); from chatsotsrah (trumpet). This is Hazor, Chatsor – meaning “village.”

^LXXII “Philistines” = Pelishti. From Pelesheth (Philistia); from palash (to mourn, wallow, maybe roll in). This is Philistines. Their name may mean “griever” or “burrower” or “weakener.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Philistine.html.
^LXXIII “Moab” = Moab. Related to “ancestors” in v6. May be from ab (see note XLIII above). This is Moab or Moabite. Name could mean “from her father” in reference to the incestuous relationship between Lot and his daughters. The name could also mean, more pleasantly, “seed of a father” or “desirable land.” See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moab
^LXXIV “fought” = lacham. This is to eat or feed on. Figuratively, it is to battle as a kind of consumption/destruction.

^LXXV “Lord” = YHVH. Same as “Lord” in v3. See note XXIII above.
^LXXVI “sinned” = chata. This is properly to miss, and so figuratively it is used for sinning, bearing the blame. It implies a forfeiture or loss of something.
^LXXVII “forsaken” = azab. To loosen, relinquish, permit, forsake, fail, leave destitute.
^LXXVIII “Lord” = YHVH. Same as “Lord” in v3. See note XXIII above.
^LXXIX “served” = abad. This is to work, serve, or compel. It can describe any kind of work or service (including religious devotion).  Also, till or cultivate. Used causatively, it can mean to enslave or keep in bondage.

^LXXX “Baals” = Baal. From the same as ba’al (lord, owner, ally, or archer); from ba’al (to marry, have dominion, be master). This is Baal, literally “lord,” a Phoenician god.
^LXXXI “Astartes” = Ashtaroth. 12x in OT. From ashtrah (young, enlarge a flock); from ashath (to think) or ashar (to gain wealth, become rich, enrich; to accumulate) OR {from ashat (form a union that is cohesive or solid) + torah (Torah, instruction, law); {from yarah (to throw, shoot, be stunned; to flow as water so figuratively to instruct or teach)}}. This is Ashtaroth, a location and the name of a Sidonian goddess, also called Astarte. It may mean “Astarte” or “unions of instructions” or “clusters of one law.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Ashtaroth.html
^LXXXII “rescue” = natsal. This is to snatch someone or something away in a good sense – as rescue, defend, or deliver – or in a bad sense – as strip or plunder.
^LXXXIII “enemies” = oyeb. From ayab (to hate or be hostile to). This is a foe or enemy as one that you are hostile to.

^LXXXIV “Lord” = YHVH. Same as “Lord” in v3. See note XXIII above.
^LXXXV “Jerubbaal” = Yerubbaal. Related to “Baals” in v10. 14x in OT. From rib (properly, to toss or grapple; figuratively, wrangling and so for arguments, complaints, or disputes; used in a legal setting for pleading or defending a case) + Baal (see note LXXX above). This is Jerubbaal, a name that means “let Baal contend” or “the Lord contends” or “Baal contends” or “he will contend with Baal” or “let Baal plead.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Jerubbaal.html
^LXXXVI “Barak” = Bedan. 2x in OT. Related to “served” in v10. Perhaps from Abdon (Abdon – a personal name and place name that means “servitude” or “place of work” or “worker” or “hard slavery”); from abad (see note LXXIX above). This is Bedan, a name that means “servile.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Abdon.html

^LXXXVII “Jephthah” = Yiphtach. From pathach (to open wide in a literal or figurative sense; to open, draw out, let something go free, break forth, to plow, engrave, or carve). This is Jephthah or Iphthah, meaning “he opens.” It is a name and a city.
^LXXXVIII “Samson” = Shemuel. Same as “Samuel” in v1. See note I above.
^LXXXIX “on every side” = sabib. From sabab (turning around, going around; to surround, cast, walk, fetch; to revolve or border in a literal or figurative sense). This is a circuit or a circle. It could refer to an environment, one’s neighbors, or a circular path round about.
^XC “lived” = yashab. Same as “settled” in v8. See note LXII above.
^XCI “safety” = betach. From batach (to hide for refuge, be secure or sure; figuratively, it refers to trust, being confident, or hoping). This is a place of refuge. So, abstractly, it can be confidence, security, hope, trust, or assurance.

^XCII “saw” = raah. Related to “Sisera” in v9. See note LXVIII above.
^XCIII “Nahash” = Nachash. 9x in OT. From the same as nachash (serpent, snake); from nachash (to divine, interpret omens, learn from experience, observe; to hiss). This is Nahash or Nachash, meaning “serpent” or “bronze” or “oracle.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Nahash.html
^XCIV “Ammonites” = ben + Ammon. Literally, “children of Ammon.” Ben is the same as “sons” in v2. See note XV above. Ammon is related to “people” in v6. From im (with, against, before, beside); {perhaps from amam (see note XXXIX above)} OR from am (see note XXXIX above). This is Ammon or Ammonite, which may mean “tribal.”
^XCV “came” = bo. Same as “went” in v8. See note LVI above.
^XCVI “reign” = malak. Same as “set” in v1. See note VIII above.
^XCVII “Lord” = YHVH. Same as “Lord” in v3. See note XXIII above.

^XCVIII “see” = attah. Same as “now” in v2. See note XII above.
^XCIX “here” = hinneh. Same as {untranslated} in v1. See note V above.
^C “chosen” = bachar. This is to choose, appoint, try, excellent.
^CI “asked” = shaal. This is to ask, inquire, beg, borrow, desire, request. It can also mean to demand.
^CII “see” = hinneh. Same as {untranslated} in v1. See note V above.
^CIII “Lord” = YHVH. Same as “Lord” in v3. See note XXIII above.
^CIV “set” = natan. This is to give, put, set, offer. It is to give literally or figuratively.

^CV “fear” = yare. This is to fear, be afraid, dreadful. It can also refer to fearful reverence – to fear in a moral sense is to say to revere, respect.
^CVI “Lord” = YHVH. Same as “Lord” in v3. See note XXIII above.
^CVII “heed” = shama. Same as “listened” in v1. See note VI above.
^CVIII “voice” = qol. Same as “you” in v1. See note VII above.
^CIX “rebel” = marah. This is to be contentious, rebellious, bitter, provoking, disobedient. It can be to be or make bitter or unpleasant. Figuratively, it is to rebel or resist and causatively to provoke. This is the root of “Miriam.”

^CX “commandment” = peh. This is mouth in a literal or figurative sense. So, more literally, it can be beak or jaws. More figuratively, it refers to speech, commands, or promises.
^CXI “Lord” = YHVH. Same as “Lord” in v3. See note XXIII above.
^CXII “both” = gam. This is also, moreover, again.
^CXIII {untranslated} = gam. Same as “both” in v14. See note CXII above.
^CXIV “follow” = achar. From achar (to remain behind, linger, continue, be behind, or delay; can also imply procrastination). This is after or the last part, following.
^CXV “Lord” = YHVH. Same as “Lord” in v3. See note XXIII above.
^CXVI “be well” = hayah. Related to “Lord” in v3 & “Lord” in v7. See note XXIII above.

^CXVII “Lord” = YHVH. Same as “Lord” in v3. See note XXIII above.
^CXVIII “Lord” = YHVH. Same as “Lord” in v3. See note XXIII above.
^CXIX “Lord” = YHVH. Same as “Lord” in v3. See note XXIII above.
^CXX “be” = hayah. Same as “be well” in v14. See note CXVI above.
^CXXI “king” = ab. Same as “ancestors” in v6. See note XLIII above.
^CXXII “therefore” = gam. Same as “both” in v14. See note CXII above.
^CXXIII “see” = raah. Same as “saw” in v12. See note XCII above.

^CXXIV “great” = gadol. From gadal (to grow up, become great, become wealthy – to advance. The root meaning may be to twist in the sense of the process of growing). This is great, high, bigger, noble, old, marvelous. It can also refer to someone who is powerful or distinguished.
^CXXV “thing” = dabar. From dabar (to speak, declare, discuss). This is speech, a word, a matter, an affair, charge, command, message, promise, purpose, report, request. It is a word, which implies things that are spoken of in a wide sense.
^CXXVI “Lord” = YHVH. Same as “Lord” in v3. See note XXIII above.
^CXXVII “do” = asah. Same as “appointed” in v6. See note XL above.

^CXXVIII “wheat” = chittah. Perhaps from chanat (to spice, ripen, embalm). This is wheat, referring to the plant or its product.
^CXXIX “harvest” = qatsiyr. From qatsar (to cut down, be short, reap, curtail; used especially for harvesting grass or grain; figuratively, to be discouraged or grieve). This is branch, harvest, one who harvests. Properly, this means severed, reaped. It is the crop being harvested, the time of harvest or the one who harvests. It can also be a bough.
^CXXX “today” = yom. Same as “day” in v2. See note XIX above.
^CXXXI “call” = qara. This is to call or call out – to call someone by name. Also used more broadly for calling forth.
^CXXXII “Lord” = YHVH. Same as “Lord” in v3. See note XXIII above.

^CXXXIII “send” = natan. Same as “set” in v13. See note CIV above.
^CXXXIV “thunder” = qol. Same as “you” in v1. See note VII above.
^CXXXV “know” = yada. This is to know, acknowledge, advise, answer, be aware, be acquainted with. Properly, this is to figure something out by seeing. It includes ideas of observation, recognition, and care about something. It can be used causatively for instruction, designation, and punishment.
^CXXXVI “see” = raah. Same as “saw” in v12. See note XCII above.
^CXXXVII “wickedness” = ra’. From ra’a’ (to be evil, bad, afflict; properly, to spoil – to destroy by breaking into pieces; figuratively, to cause something to be worthless; this is bad in a physical, social, or moral sense; that which displeases, to do harm or mischief, to punish or vex). This is bad, disagreeable, that which causes pain, misery, something having little or no value, something that is ethically bad, wicked, injury, calamity. This refers to anything that is not what it ought to be – a natural disaster, a disfigurement, an injury, a sin.

^CXXXVIII “sight” = ayin. Same as “eyes” in v3. See note XXXIII above.
^CXXXIX “Lord” = YHVH. Same as “Lord” in v3. See note XXIII above.
^CXL “great” = rab. From rabab (increasing in any aspect whether quantity, authority, size, quality, greatness, etc.). This is abundance, many, elder, exceedingly, great. It refers to abundance of amount, rank, or status.
^CXLI “demanding” = shaal. Same as “asked” in v13. See note CI above.

^CXLII “Lord” = YHVH. Same as “Lord” in v3. See note XXIII above.
^CXLIII “Lord” = YHVH. Same as “Lord” in v3. See note XXIII above.
^CXLIV “sent” = natan. Same as “set” in v13. See note CIV above.
^CXLV “greatly” = meod. Perhaps from the same as uwd (firebrand, a poker). This is very, greatly, exceedingly. It can also mean vehemence, force, abundance.
^CXLVI “Lord” = YHVH. Same as “Lord” in v3. See note XXIII above.

^CXLVII “pray” = palal. This is to judge for oneself or in an official capacity. It can also mean to pray or make supplication, to entreat.
^CXLVIII “Lord” = YHVH. Same as “Lord” in v3. See note XXIII above.
^CXLIX “for” = baad. Related to “now” in v2. Perhaps from ad (up to, while); from adah (see note XII above). This is up to, behind, over, among.
^CL “servants” = ebed. Related to “served” in v10 & “Barak” in v11. From abad (see note LXXIX above). This is a servant, slave, or bondservant.
^CLI “die” = mut. This is to die in a literal or figurative sense. It can also refer to being a dead body.

^CLII “added” = yasaph. This is to add, increase, continue, exceed.
^CLIII “sins” = chatta’ah. Related to “sinned” in v10. From chata’ (see note LXXVI above). This is sin itself as well as punishment for sin. It is sometimes used specifically to refer to sin that is habitual.
^CLIV “evil” = ra’. Same as “wickedness” in v17. See note CXXXVII above.
^CLV “be afraid” = yare. Same as “fear” in v14. See note CV above.
^CLVI “yet” = ak. Related to aken (surely, truly, nevertheless); from kun (properly, in a perpendicular position; literally, to establish, fix, fasten, prepare; figuratively, it is certainty, to be firm, faithfulness, render sure or prosperous). This is a positive statement – surely, also, certainly, alone, only.

^CLVII “turn aside” = sur. This is to turn aside in a literal or figurative sense – to depart, decline, rebel, remove, or withdraw.
^CLVIII “Lord” = YHVH. Same as “Lord” in v3. See note XXIII above.
^CLIX “Lord” = YHVH. Same as “Lord” in v3. See note XXIII above.
^CLX “heart” = lebab. May be related to labab (to encourage; properly, to be encased as with fat; used in a good sense, this means to transport someone with love; used in a bad sense, it can mean to dull one’s senses). This is the heart, courage, one’s inner self, the mind, or the will. Heart is only used in a figurative sense in the Old and New Testaments.

^CLXI “after” = achar. Same as “follow” in v14. See note CXIV above.
^CLXII “useless things” = tohu. Root may mean a wasteland or desert. This is desolation or waste. Figuratively, it refers to emptiness, chaos, confusion, futility, something worthless or meaningless, or unreality. Used as an adverb, it can mean in vain. This describes the earth as a “formless void” in Gen 1:2.
^CLXIII “profit” = yaal. This is to ascend. Figuratively, it means to accrue some kind of profet or other gain. It can mean valuable or useful.
^CLXIV “save” = natsal. Same as “rescue” in v10. See note LXXXII above.
^CLXV “useless” = tohu. Same as “useless things” in v21. See note CLXII above.

^CLXVI “Lord” = YHVH. Same as “Lord” in v3. See note XXIII above.
^CLXVII “cast away” = natash. Properly, this is to beat or pound as when something is beaten in order to expand or disperse. It can be leave, abandon, allow, neglect, spread, fall, or thrust out.
^CLXVIII “great” = gadol. Same as “great” in v16. See note CXXIV above.
^CLXIX “name’s” = shem. Related to “Samuel” in v1. See note I above.
^CLXX “for…sake” = abur. From abar (to pass over, pass through, or pass by; cross over or to alienate; used for transitions). This is for, so that, on account of. Properly, it means crossed.

^CLXXI “pleased” = yaal. 19x in OT. This to be pleased or willing, determined, to take on something, to try, to do willingly, to begin. It can have the idea of assent or consent as well as continuing or persisting as.
^CLXXII “Lord” = YHVH. Same as “Lord” in v3. See note XXIII above.
^CLXXIII “make” = asah. Same as “appointed” in v6. See note XL above.
^CLXXIV “moreover” = gam. Same as “both” in v14. See note CXII above.
^CLXXV “far be it” = chalilah. From chalal (to defile, pollute). This is literally something that is profaned. It is used to mean “God forbid” or “far be it.”
^CLXXVI “sin” = chata. Same as “sinned” in v10. See note LXXVI above.
^CLXXVII “Lord” = YHVH. Same as “Lord” in v3. See note XXIII above.

^CLXXVIII “ceasing” = chadal. This is properly to be flabby – it implies, to stop, fall, end, rest, leave alone, forsake, or desist. Figuratively this can be lacking or idle.
^CLXXIX “for” = baad. Same as “for” in v19. See note CXLIX above.
^CLXXX “instruct” = yarah. This is to throw, shoot, be stunned. It is to flow as water so figuratively to instruct or teach. This is the same root that “Jerusalem” and “Torah” draw from.
^CLXXXI “good” = tob. From tob (to be pleasing, to be good). This is good, beautiful, pleasant, agreeable, bountiful, at ease. This word is used for goodness as a concept, a good thing, a good person. This can refer to prosperity and welfare as well as joy, kindness, sweetness, and graciousness. So, this is ethically good, but also enjoyably good.

^CLXXXII “right” = yashar. From yashar (to be straight, right, even, smooth, or agreeable; figuratively, to make something pleasant or prosperous). This is straight, right, level. Also, it is pleasing, whether pleasing God or pleasing other people. So, it is upright or righteous.
^CLXXXIII “way” = derek. From darak (to tread, march, to walk. Can also mean affixing a string to a box since one needs to step on it to bend it in the process; so also an archer). This is a road as a thing that is walked on. Can be used figuratively for the path that one’s life takes or how one chooses to live one’s life.
^CLXXXIV “only” = ak. Same as “yet” in v20. See note CLVI above.
^CLXXXV “Lord” = YHVH. Same as “Lord” in v3. See note XXIII above.
^CLXXXVI “faithfully” = emet. From aman (to believe, endure, fulfill, confirm, support, be faithful, put one’s trust in, be steadfast. Figuratively, this is to be firm, steadfast, or faithful, trusting, believing, being permanent, morally solid). This is firmness or stability. Figuratively, it is faithfulness, truth, or trustworthiness. This is the same root that “amen” comes from.

^CLXXXVII “consider” = raah. Same as “saw” in v12. See note XCII above.
^CLXXXVIII “great things…done” = gadal. Related to “great” in v16. See note CXXIV above.
^CLXXXIX “still do wickedly” = ra’a’ + ra’a’. Related to “wickedness” in v17. See note CXXXVII above. The word is repeated twice – the first time as an Infinitive Absolute. The Infinitive Absolute serves to emphasize the sentiment of the word. It is rather like Foghorn Leghorn’s speech pattern, “I said, I said.”
^CXC “swept away” = saphah. This is to capture, sweep away, scrape, remove, heap up, scatter, ruin, or perish.
^CXCI {untranslated} = gam. Same as “both” in v14. See note CXII above.