2 Corinthians 4

^I “mercy” = eleeo. From eleos (mercy, pity, tender mercy, or compassion; generally understood in action by word or deed). This is to have pity on, show mercy to, be compassionate; often used for God’s grace. When we sing or say “kyrie eleison” (Lord, have mercy), it is from this root verb.
^II “engaged in” = echo. This is to have, hold, possess.
^III “ministry” = diakonia. Perhaps from dia (through, across to the other side, thoroughly) + konis (dust) OR from dioko (to chase after, put to flight; by implication, to persecute or to purse like a hunter after its prey; this can be earnestly pursue or zealously persecute) {related to dio (put to flight)}. This is service, ministry, attending someone, service. It can mean serving someone at a table or otherwise as their servant/slave. It is also used for people who serve/minister in temples, as well as the work of Christian ministry. Figuratively, this word can mean money given for charity. This shares a root with “deacon” and is where the word “diaconate” comes from.
^IV “lose heart” = ekkakeo. 6x in NT. From ek (from, from out of) + kakos (bad, evil, harm, ill; evil that is part of someone’s core character – intrinsic, rotted, worthless, depraved, causing harm; deep inner malice that comes from a rotten character). This is to be faint, bad, fail, or be weak. It is the aftermath of deep, inner weariness – exhausted or dispirited.

^V “renounced” = apeipon. 1x in NT. From apo (from, away from) + eipon (if somehow); {related to lego (to speak, tell, mention)} OR from apo (from, away from) + epo or eiron (to answer, bring word, command). This is to renounce or refuse, disown.
^VI “shameful” = aischune. 6x in NT. From the same as aischuno (to dishonor, put to shame, shrink, disfigure); from aischos (shame, disgrace, disfigurement). This is shame, disgrace, dishonesty, a shameful thing. This can be used in an abstract or concrete sense.
^VII “underhanded ways” = kruptos. 19x in NT. From krupto (to hide by covering, secret, hidden things). This is something concealed, hidden, secret, or private. It can also refer to the inner nature. This is the root of the word “cryptography.”

^VIII “refuse” = me. Literally, “not.”
^IX “practice” = peripateo. From peri (about, concerning, around, encompassing) + pateo (to read, trample on; to trample literally or figuratively); {from patos (trodden) OR from paio (to strike, smite, sting; a hit like a single blow)}. This is to walk. Going from Hebrew figurative language, to walk referred to how you conducted your life, how you chose to live. This word is most literally walking around. Figuratively, it is living, behaving, following, how you occupy yourself. This is where “peripatetic” comes from.
^X “cunning” = panourgia. 5x in NT. From panourgos (crafty, skillful; one who would done whatever is needed to get their own way); {from pas (all, every, every kind of) + ergon (work, task, action, employment)}. This is craftiness, cunning, or trickery. It is doing anything and everything to make something evil or self-serving happen.

^XI “falsify” = doloo. 1x in NT. From dolos (literally bait, but used figuratively for treachery, stealth, guile, or deceit); from dello (probably to decoy). This is to ensnare or adulterate. It has the sense of capturing with bait, i.e. being deceitful. It can also mean to alter gold or wine.
^XII “God’s” = Theos. From Proto-Indo-European origins, meaning do, put, place. This is God or a god in general.
^XIII “word” = logos. From lego (to speak, tell, mention). This is word, statement, speech, analogy. It is a word that carries an idea or expresses a thought, a saying. It could refer to a person with a message or reasoning laid out in words. By implication, this could be a topic, line of reasoning, or a motive. It can be used for a divine utterance or as Word – Christ.

^XIV “open statement” = phanerosis. 2x in NT. From phaneroo (to make visible or clear, to make known; properly, to illumine and so to make apparent or bring into open view); from phaneros (visible, apparent, clear, shining); from phos (light, a source of light, fire, or radiance; light with specific reference to what it reveals; luminousness whether natural or artificial, abstract or concrete, literal or figurative); from phao (to shine); from the same as phaino (to bring light, cause to appear, shine, become visible or clear). This is manifestation or disclosure. It is an exhibition, expression, or bestowment.
^XV “truth” = aletheia. From alethes (true, unconcealed; true because it is in concert with fact and reality – attested; literally, what cannot be hidden; truth stands up to test and scrutiny and is undeniable, authentic). {from a (not, without) + lanthano (unnoticed, concealed)}. Truth is literally that which is not or cannot be concealed. This word covers more than the sense of true versus false. It spoke of truth as that which corresponds to reality – reality as opposed to illusion. Thus, it includes, sincerity, straightforwardness, and reality itself.
^XVI “commend” = sunistemi. 16x in NT. From sun (with, together with) + histemi (to stand, place, establish, appoint, stand ready, be steadfast). This is to establish, exhibit, demonstrate, stand together, prove.

^XVII “conscience” = suneidesis. From suneidon (to see together and so know, realize, consider, be conscious of); {from sun (with, together with) + eidon (shape, appearance, kind; something observable; form in a literal or figurative sense); from eido (to know, remember, perceive – to see and so understand)}. This is properly to know together. The conscience, found in all, is a moral and spiritual capacity granted by God so that we can understand together what is good and right.
^XVIII “everyone” = pas…anthropos. Pas is related to “cunning” in v2. See note X above. Anthropos is probably from aner (man, male, husband) + ops (eye, face); {from optanomai (to appear, be seen); perhaps from horao (become, seem, appear)}. This is human, humankind. Used for all genders.
^XIX “in the sight of” = enopios. Related to “everyone” in v2. From en (in, on, at, by, with) + ops (see note XVII above). This is literally “in sight of.” It means before in a literal or figurative sense.

^XX “gospel” = euaggelion. From eu (well, good, rightly) + aggelos (angel, messenger; a messenger from God bringing news – whether a prophet or an angel); {from aggellos (to bring tidings); probably from ago (to bring, lead, carry, guide)}. This is literally “the good news,” used for the gospel. This is also where “evangelism” comes from.
^XXI “is” = eimi. This is to be, exist.
^XXII “veiled” = kalupto. 8x in NT. Related to kalube (hut, cabin). This is to cover, hide, veil, or conceal. Figuratively, it can mean to keep hidden or secret.
^XXIII “perishing” = apollumi. From apo (from, away from) + ollumi (to destroy or ruin; the loss that comes from a major ruination). This is to destroy, cut off, to perish – perhaps violently. It can also mean to cancel or remove.

^XXIV “god” = theos. Same as “God’s” in v2. See note XII above.
^XXV “world” = aion. From the same as aei (ever, always, unceasingly, perpetually; on every occasion). This is an age, cycle of time, course, continued duration. It is also used to describe the eternal or forever. This is the word used to discuss the present age or the messianic age.
^XXVI “blinded” = tuphloo. 3x in NT. From tuphlos (blind or a blind person – perhaps in the sense of smoke making things opaque and impossible to see; blind literally or figuratively); from tuphoo (to be conceited, foolish, puffed up, haughty; properly, to blow smoke; figuratively being muddled or cloudy in mind; poor judgment that harms spiritual clarity; also, being covered with smoke – so filled with pride); from tuphos (smoke, vanity, arrogance); from tupho (to raise smoke, smolder, slowly consume without flame). This is to blind in a physical or spiritual sense – obscured vision.

^XXVII “minds” = noema. 6x in NT. From noeo (to think, understand, conceive, realize, see; one who thinks things through sufficiently to reach a conclusion or value judgment; moral reasoning.); {from nous (mind, understanding, reasoning faculty, intellect, capacity to reflect); from noos (mind); probably from the base as ginosko (to know, recognize, realize, perceive, learn; gaining knowledge through personal experience)}. This is thought, scheme, feeling, heart, purpose, understanding, perception, intellect. It is what the mind produces – the result of thinking.
^XXVIII “unbelievers” = apistos. From a (not, without) + pistos (faithful, trustworthy, reliable, sure, or true; a fullness of faith); {from peitho (to have confidence, urge, be persuaded, agree, assure, believe, have confidence, trust)}. This is unbelieving, incredulous, faithless. It is someone who chooses to reject faith.
^XXIX “keep” = me. Literally, “not.”

^XXX “seeing” = augazo. 1x in NT. From auge (brightness, dawn, radiance). This is to gleam, beam forth, see, discern, be bright.
^XXXI “light” = photismos.  Related to “open statement” in v2. 2x in NT. From photizo (to shine or give light, illumine or reveal; properly, to enlighten in a literal or figurative sense; to brighten up or to make one see); from phos (see note XIV above). This is light itself, illumination, enlightenment.
^XXXII “glory” = doxa. From dokeo (to have an opinion, seem, appear, suppose; a personal judgment; to think); from dokos (opinion). This is literally something that evokes a good opinion – something that connects to our understanding of intrinsic worth. The ultimate expression of this is, of course, God and God’s manifestation. So, this is opinion, honor, and dignity, but also praise, glory, renown, and worship.

^XXXIII “Christ” = Christos. From chrio (consecrate by anointing with oil; often done for prophets, priests, or kings). Literally, the anointed one, Christ. The Greek word for Messiah.
^XXXIV “image’ = eikon. From eiko (resemble, be like) OR perhaps related to eiko (to submit, give way, be weak, yield). This is a likeness such as an image, statue, or other representation. It implies a prototype that is being mirrored – a replication rather than a shadow. It can be an image in a figurative sense as well. This is where the word “icon” comes from.
^XXXV “proclaim” = kerusso. This is to proclaim, preach, publish. Properly, it is to act as a herald – announcing something publicly with confidence and/or to persuade.
^XXXVI “Jesus” = Iesous. From Hebrew Yehoshua (Joshua, the Lord is salvation); {from YHVH (proper name of the God of Israel; the self-existent and eternal one); {from havah (to become) or from hayah (to come to pass, become, be)} + yasha (to deliver, defend, help, preserve, rescue; properly, to be open, wide or free, which implies being safe. So, in a causative sense, this is to free someone)}. This is Jesus or Joshua in Greek – the Lord saves or the Lord is salvation.

^XXXVII “Lord” = kurios. From kuros (authority, supremacy). This is a respectful address meaning master or sir. It refers to one who has control or power greater than one’s own. So, it was also applied to God and Jesus as Master or Lord.
^XXXVIII “slaves” = doulos. Perhaps from deo (to tie, bind, fasten, impel, compel; to declare something against the law or prohibited). This is used for a servant or for a slave, enslaved. It refers to someone who belongs to someone else. But, it could be voluntary (choosing to be enslaved to pay off debt) or involuntary (captured in war and enslaved). It is used as a metaphor for serving Christ. Slavery was not inherited (i.e. the children of slaves were not assumed to be slaves) and slaves could buy their way to freedom. Slavery was generally on a contractual basis (that is for the duration of how long it took you to pay your debt and/or save up enough money to buy your freedom).

^XXXIX “said” = eiron. This is to speak say, answer, command.
^XL “light” = phos. Related to “open statement” in v2 & “light” in v4. See note XIV above.
^XLI “shine” = lampo. 7x in NT. This is to give light or shine literally or figuratively. This is where the word “lamp” comes from.
^XLII “darkness” = skotos. Perhaps from the base of skia (shadow, thick darkness, outline; figurative for a spiritual situation that is good or bad). This is darkness literal or figurative – as moral or spiritual darkness, sin and what comes from it. This can also mean obscurity.
^XLIII “hearts” = kardia. Literally the heart, but figuratively mind, character, inner self, will, intention, thoughts, feelings. Also, the center of something. The word heart is only used figuratively in the Old and New Testaments. This is where “cardiac” comes from.

^XLIV “light” = photismos. Same as “light” in v4. See note XXXI above.
^XLV “knowledge” = gnosis. Related to “minds” in v4. From ginosko (see note XXVII above). This is knowing, knowledge, understanding, wisdom. It is direct knowledge – working knowledge that links theory and application.
^XLVI “face” = prosopon. Related to “everyone” and “in the sight of” in v2. From pros (at, towards, with) + ops (see note XVIII above). This is the face, surface, or front. It can imply presence more generally.
^XLVII “have” = echo. Same as “engaged in” in v1. See note II above.
^XLVIII “treasure” = thesauros. 17x in NT.  From tithemi (to place, lay, set, establish). This is treasure, storehouse, deposit. It can be used figuratively for treasured thoughts.

^XLIX “clay” = ostrakinos. 2x in NT. From ostracon (clay vessel). This is made of clay, earthen pottery. Figuratively, it can mean frail. It shares a root with the word “ostracize.”
^L “jars” = skeuos. This is a vessel, object, article, property, a tool. It is an implement or other equipment in a literal or figurative sense. It could also refer to a vessel of mercy or a wife.
^LI “extraordinary” = huperbole. 8x in NT. From huperballo (to surpass, exceed, or excel; properly, to throw beyond or run beyond; transcending, eminent, or surpassing); {from huper (over, above, beyond) + ballo (to throw, cast, place, put, rush, drop)}. This is excess, surpassing, exceedingly. Properly, it means to throw past so it can also mean abundance or preeminence. It is where the word “hyperbole” comes from.
^LII “power” = dunamis. From dunamai (to be able, have power or ability). This is might, strength, physical power, efficacy, energy, and miraculous power. It is force literally or figuratively – the power of a miracle or the miracle itself.
^LIII “belongs” = eimi. Same as “is” in v3. See note XXI above.

^LIV “are afflicted” = thlibo. 10x in NT. Perhaps from tribos (worn track or path like a rut that is formed from rubbing i.e. steady use; also road or highway); from tribo (to rub or thresh). This is to press in on and make narrow, rub together, constrict. Figuratively, it is to oppress or afflict.
^LV “every” = pas. Same as “everyone” in v2. See note XVIII above.
^LVI “crushed” = stenochoreo. Related to “commend” in v2. 3x in NT. From stenos (narrow, confined, constricted; confined because of obstacles); {probably from histemi (see note XVI above)} + choreo (to make space, receive, have room for, progress, depart so as to make room; figuratively, living open-heartedly); {from choros (a particular space or place); from chora (space, land, region, fields, open area); from chasma (gap, gulf, chasm, open space); from chasko (to gape, yawn)}. This is to restrict, press in on, cramp, withhold affection, distress.

^LVII “perplexed” = aporeo. 6x in NT. From a (not) + poros (way, resource, passageway); {related to poreuomai (to go, travel, journey, or die; transporting things from one place to another and focuses on the personal significance of the destination)}. This is feeling like you have no way out, being perplexed or doubting.
^LVIII “driven to despair” = exaporeo. Related to “perplexed” in v8. 2x in NT. From ek (from, from out of) + aporeo (see note LVII above). This is to be in despair, at a loss. It is to have no way out or no tools to make a next move.
^LIX “persecuted” = dioko. Related to “ministry” in v1. See note III above.
^LX “forsaken” = egkataleipo. From en (in, on, at, by, with) + kataleipo (to leave or leave behind, abandon, forsake, leave in reserve); {from kata (down, against, throughout, among) + leipo (to leave behind, remain, lack, abandon, fall behind while racing)}. This is left behind, left as a remainder, desert, forsake. Properly, it means to leave someone or something wanting or lacking – so, to forsake or cause someone to be helpless in a serious scenario.

^LXI “struck down” = kataballo. Related to “extraordinary” in v7. 2x in NT. From kata (down, against, throughout, among) + ballo (see note LI above). This is to cast down, lay prostate, set a foundation.
^LXII “destroyed” = apollumi. Same as “perishing” in v3. See note XXIII above.
^LXIII “always” = pantote. Related to “cunning” and “everyone” in v2. From pas (see note X above) + tote (then, whether past or future); {from hote (when); from ho (the)}. This is literally every when. It is always, at all times.
^LXIV “carrying” = periphero. 3x in NT. From peri (about, concerning, around, encompassing) + phero (to bear, bring, lead, make known publicly; to carry in a literal or figurative sense). This is to carry around, transport, or be driven about.

^LXV “body” = soma. Perhaps from sozo (to save, heal, rescue); from sos (safe, well, rescued). This is body or flesh. It can be body in a literal or figurative sense (as the body of Christ). This is where the word “somatic” comes from.
^LXVI “death” = nekrosis. 2x in NT. From nekroo (put to death, render someone like the dead or powerless; figuratively, subdue); from nekros (dead or lifeless, mortal, corpse; figuratively, powerless or ineffective); from the same as nekus (corpse). This is the condition of death or, figuratively, impotency. It is where the word “necrosis” comes from.
^LXVII “life” = zoe. From zao (to live, be alive). This is life including the vitality of humans, plants, and animals – it is life physical and spiritual and life everlasting.
^LXVIII “made visible” = phaneroo. Related to “open statement” in v2 & “light” in v4 & “light” in v6. From phaneros (see note XIV above). This is to make visible or clear, to make known. Properly, it is to illumine and so to make apparent or bring into open view.

^LXIX “living” = zao. Related to “life” in v10. See note LXVII above.
^LXX “always” = aei. Related to “world” in v4. 7x in NT. See note XXV above.
^LXXI “handed over” = paradidomi. From para (from beside, by) + didomi (give, offer, place, bestow, deliver; give in a literal or figurative sense). This is literally to hand over – hence to deliver, abandon, or betray. It implies a personal involvement.
^LXXII “death” = thanatos. From thnesko (to die, be dead). This is death, whether literal or spiritual. It can also refer to something that is fatal.

^LXXIII “mortal” = thnetos. Related to “death” in v11. 6x in NT– all in Romans and 1 + 2 Corinthians. From thnesko (see note LXXII above). This is moral – able to die.
^LXXIV “flesh” = sarx. May be from saroo (to sweep, cleanse by sweeping); from sairo (to brush off). This is flesh, the body, human nature, materiality, kindred. Flesh is not always evil in scripture (as when it refers to Jesus taking on a human body). However, it is generally used in a negative way for actions made selfishly and not through faith. This can mean animal flesh, i.e. meat, or refer to body in contrast to soul/spirit. Flesh can be a way of talking about how things or people are related or talking about human frailty (physical or moral).
^LXXV “death” = thanatos. Same as “death” in v11. See note LXXII above.
^LXXVI “is at work” = energeo. Related to “cunning” in v2. From energes (active, effective, operative, energized, powerful); {from en (in, at, by, with, among) + ergon (see note X above)}. This is to be at work, accomplish, be mighty or effectual. This is where “energy” comes from.

^LXXVII “spirit” = pneuma. From pneo (to blow, breathe, breathe hard). This is wind, breath, or ghost. A breeze or a blast or air, a breath. Figuratively used for a spirit, the human soul or part of us that is rational. It is also used supernaturally for angels, demons, God, and the Holy Spirit. This is where pneumonia comes from.
^LXXVIII “faith” = pistis. Related to “unbelievers” in v4. From peitho (see note XXVIII above). This is less about knowing, believing, and repeating a list of doctrines then it is about trusting God. Faith means listening to God and seeking to live a holy life even (and especially) when we don’t understand how everything works or fits together. Faith is about being faithful (trusting and doing) rather than being all knowing.
^LXXIX “scripture” = grapho. This is to write or describe. It is where the word “graphic” comes from.

^LXXX “believed” = pisteuo. Related to “unbelievers” in v4 & “faith” in v13. From pistis (see note LXXVIII above). This is to believe, entrust, have faith it, affirm, have confidence in. This is less to do with a series of beliefs or doctrines that one believes and more to do with faithfulness, loyalty, and fidelity. It is trusting and then acting based on that trust.
^LXXXI “spoke” = laleo. From lalos (talkative). This is to talk, say, or preach.
^LXXXII “know” = eido. Related to “conscience” in v2. See note XVII above.
^LXXXIII “raised” = egeiro. This is to awake, raise up or lift up. It can be to get up from sitting or lying down, to get up from sleeping, to rise from a disease or from death. Figuratively, it can be rising from inactivity or from ruins.

^LXXXIV “present” = paristemi. Related to “commend” in v2 & “crushed” in v8. From para (from beside, by) + histemi (see note XVI above). This is literally to place by stand. It can mean to present, exhibit, appear, bring, stand by, or prove. It can also mean to be ready, to assist, to yield, or to commend.
^LXXXV “everything” = pas. Same as “everyone” in v2. See note XVIII above.
^LXXXVI “grace” = charis. From chairo (to rejoice, be glad; used to say hello; properly, delighting in the grace of God or experiencing God’s favor); from char– (to extend favor, lean towards, be inclined to be favorable towards). This is grace, kindness, favor, gratitude, thanks. It is the sense of being inclined to or favorable towards – leaning towards someone to share some good or benefit. This can be literal, figurative, or spiritual. It is grace as abstract concept, manner, or action.

^LXXXVII “extended” = pleonazo. 9x in NT. From pleion (many, more, great, having a greater value, more excellent); from polus (much, many, abundant). This is to abound, increase, to superabound. It shares a root with “pleonasm.”
^LXXXVIII “more and more” = pleion.  Related to “extends” in v15. See note LXXXVII above.
^LXXXIX “increase” = perissseuo. From perissos (abundant, more, excessive, advantage, vehemently); from peri (all-around, encompassing, excess). This is more than what is ordinary or necessary. It is abounding, overflowing, being leftover, going above and beyond. It is super-abounding in number or quality.
^XC “thanksgiving” = eucharistia. Related to “gospel” in v3 & to “grace” in v15. 15x in NT. From eucharistos (thankful, well favored); {from eu (see note XX above) + charis (see note LXXXVI above)}. This is thankfulness or thanksgiving. It is active gratitude. It is related to the word “eucharist.”

^XCI “nature” = anthropos. Same as “everyone” in v2. See note XVIII above.
^XCII “wasting away” = diaphtheiro. 6x in NT. From dia (through, across to the other side, thoroughly) + from phtheiro (to destroy, corrupt, ruin, deteriorate, wither; also used of moral corruption); {from phthio (perish, waste away)}. This is to destroy, spoil, corrupt, disintegrate, decay. It can refer to the effect of moral or spiritual impurity.
^XCIII “renewed” = anakainoo. 2x in NT. From ana (up, back, among, again, anew) + kainos (not new as in new versus old; new in the sense of novel, innovative, or fresh). This is to renew, renovate, to make new, develop.
^XCIV “day” = hemera. Perhaps from hemai (to sit). This is day, time, or daybreak.

^XCV “slight” = elaphros. 2x in NT. Perhaps related to elauno (to propel or carry – to drive forward with oars or like the wind does; driven by a demon); akin to elasson (smaller, worse, younger, lesser quality); from elachistos (smallest or littlest in the sense of size, amount, rank, dignity, and so on); from elachus (short); used as a superlative for mikros (small). This is light as in easy to carry because its weight is low or because it is not cumbersome.
^XCVI “momentary” = parautika. 1x in NT. From parauta (immediately) OR from para (beside, by, in the presence of) + autos (he, she, self, they, same). This is lasting only a moment, present, immediately, momentary.
^XCVII “affliction” = thlipsis. Related to “are afflicted” in v8. From thlibo (see note LIV above). This is pressure that hems us in – used often of internal pressure that makes us feel like we have no other options and are confined or restricted. So, this is persecution, affliction, trouble, distress, and anguish. There is a different word, stenoxoria, that refers to external pressure that we feel from what’s going on.

^XCVIII “producing” = katergazomai. Related to “cunning” in v2 & “is at work” in v12. From kata (down, against, throughout, among, daily) + ergazomai (to work, labor); {from ergon (see note X above)}. This is working something until it is completed, working fully, accomplishing, producing, achieving, performing.
^XCIX “eternal” = aionios. Related to “world” in v4 & “always” in v11. From aion (an age, length of time); from the same as aei (see note XXV above). This is age-long, forever, everlasting. Properly, that which lasts for an age. This is where eon comes from.
^C “weight” = baros. 6x in NT. From barus (heavy, burdensome; figuratively, violent, oppressive; that which presses down on someone so that they cannot move freely) OR from the same as basis (foot, step, pace); {from baino (to walk to go)}. This is weight, load, authority, abundance. It is something of worth.
^CI “all measure” = huperbole + eis + huperbole. Literally, “surpassing to surpassing.” Huperbole is the same as “extraordinary” in v7. See note LI above.

^CII “look” = skopeo. 6x in NT. From skopos (a mark or goal like the marker at the end of a race; figuratively, other goals or destinations; also, a watch or sentry); from skeptomai (to peer out, consider, gaze carefully); perhaps related to skapto (to dig or excavate). This is to look at, take heed, consider, observe, ai at, or spy. This word shares a root with “scope” in English.
^CIII “seen” = blepo. This is literally to see – it is primarily used in the physical sense. However, figuratively it can be seeing, whichi includes attention and so to watchfulness, being observant, perceiving, and acting on the visual information. It can also mean beware.
^CIV “seen” = blepo. Same as “seen” in v18. See note CIII above.
^CV “seen” = blepo. Same as “seen” in v18. See note CIII above.
^CVI “temporary” = proskairos. 4x in NT. From pros (at, to, toward, with, among) + kairos (season, opportunity, occasion; spiritually significant time – the right time or appointed time). This is for a season, fleeting, temporary, or something that only lasts for a short time.
^CVII “seen” = blepo. Same as “seen” in v18. See note CIII above.