Daniel 3:1-30

Daniel 3:1-30
Narrative Lectionary

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KingI NebuchadnezzarII madeIII

Notes on verse 1a

I “King” = melek. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew melek (king, royal); from malak (to be or become king or queen, to rise to the throne, to be crowned; by implication, to take counsel). This is king or royal.
II “Nebuchadnezzar” = Nebukadnetstsar. From Akkadian Nabu-kudurri-utsur (Nebuchadnezzar; meaning “Nabu protect the king”). This is Nebuchadnezzar, a name meaning “Nebo, protect the boundary” or “Nabu, protect the king.” See https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar
III “made” = abad. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew abad (to work, serve, compel; any kind of work; used causatively, can mean to enslave or keep in bondage). This is to make, move, work.

a goldenIV statueV whose heightVI

Notes on verse 1b

IV “golden” = dehab. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew zahab (root may mean to shimmer; gold or something that has the color of gold like oil; a clear sky –good weather). This is gold or golden.
V “statue” = tselem. 17x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew tselem (root may mean to shade; phantom, resemblance, illusion, image, idol). This is image, statue, form, idol.
VI “height” = rum. 5x in OT. Aramaic from rum (to rise, exalt, set up); Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew rum (to be high, rise, exalted, become proud, display, offer, present, set apart, extol; to rise in a literal or figurative sense). This is altitude or height.

was sixtyVII cubitsVIII and whose widthIX was sixX cubits;

Notes on verse 1c

VII “sixty” = shittin. 4x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew shishshim (sixty); from shesh (six; figuratively, a surplus since it is one more than the number of fingers on the hand). This is sixty.
VIII “cubits” = ammah. 4x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew ammah (a cubit, post, threshold, pivot; mother as the basic measure – the length of the forearm; also mother as the which bonds an entryway i.e. the base of the door); from the same as em (mother as binding a family together or a breeding female animal; mother in a literal or figurative sense). This is a cubit – an “ancient unit of length that had various definitions according to each of the various cultures that used the unit… typically ranged between…17.48 and 20.83 in” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubit)
IX “width” = pethay. 2x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew root pathah (to be wide open, deceive, entice, persuade, to be simple, delude). This is open, which is to say breadth or width.
X “six” = sheth. Related to “sixty” in v1. 2x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew shesh (see note VII above). This is six.

he set it upXI on the plainXII of DuraXIII

Notes on verse 1d

XI “set…up” = qum. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew qum (to arise, stand, accomplish, establish, abide; rising against, getting up after being sick or asleep, arising from one state to another, becoming powerful, or rising for action; standing in a figurative sense). This is to rise, establish, set up, stand.
XII “plain” = biqa. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew biqah (a valley or plain; properly, a place where the mountains have split – a wide, flat valley between them); from baqa (to divide, split open, tear, breach, break open, dash to pieces). This is a plain.
XIII “Dura” = Dura. 1x in OT. Aramaic from dur (to dwell or people who reside somewhere); Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew dur (to move in a circle, which implies living somewhere or remaining there; it can also be the sense of piling or heaping up); from Akkadian duru (Dura, meaning “circuit” or “walled place” or “enclosed”). This is Dura, a place whose name means “circle” or “dwelling.” See https://www.biblegateway.com/resources/encyclopedia-of-the-bible/Dura

in the provinceXIV of Babylon.XV Then King Nebuchadnezzar sentXVI for the satraps,XVII

Notes on verses 1e-2a

XIV “province” = medinah. 11x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew medinah (an area or province overseen by a judge; a jurisdiction, region, or province); from din (to judge, defend, dispute, govern, quarrel, plead). This is district or province – as divided for judicial purposes.
XV “Babylon” = Babel. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew Babel (Babylon or Babel); perhaps from balal (to anoint, mix, overflow) OR from Akkadian Bbilim; perhaps from earlier Sumerian name Ca-dimirra (gate of god). This is Babel or Babylon. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon.
XVI “sent” = shelach. 14x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew shalach (to send, send for, forsake, give a slave freedom). This is to send, attempt, put.
XVII “satraps” = achashdarpenin. 9x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew achashdarpan (satrap, lieutenant; an official over a province in the Persian Empire); from Persian khshatrapavan (literally, “protector of the province”). This is a satrap or prince. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satrap

the prefects,XVIII and the governors,XIX the counselors,XX

Notes on verse 2b

XVIII “prefects” = segan. 5x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew sagan (a prefect or official); borrowed from Assyrian shaknu (a prefect of a city or province, official); from Assyrian shakanu (to appoint). This is prefect or governor. See https://biblehub.com/commentaries/daniel/2-48.htm
XIX “governors” = pechah. 10x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew pechah (governor, captain, official, deputy, prefect); from Assyrian loan-word bel paati (literally “lord of a district”). This is captain or governor.
XX “counselors” = adargazar. 2x in OT. Aramaic from the same as iddar (ample, threshing floor); {from a root that corresponds to Hebrew adar (wide, glorious, honorable, great, magnificent)} + Aramaic gezar (to cut out, cut, determine, divine, a soothsayer); {from Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew gazar (to cut or cut down; figuratively, to divide, exclude, decree, or destroy)} OR a Persian loan-word andarzaghar (maybe a chief diviner or some kind of military office). This is a counselor, judge, or astrologer.

the treasurers,XXI the justices,XXII the magistrates,XXIII and allXXIV

Notes on verse 2c

XXI “treasurers” = gedaberayya. 2x in OT. Aramaic perhaps corresponding to Hebrew gizbar (treasurer). This is a treasurer or maybe a minister.
XXII “justices” = dethabar. 2x in OT. Aramaic – perhaps a loan-word from Persian databara (judge, law-bearer). This is a judge or counselor.
XXIII “magistrates” = tiphtaye. 2x in OT. Aramaic perhaps from Hebrew shaphat (to judge, defend, pronounce judgment, condemn, govern). This is some kind of official, maybe a magistrate, lawyer, or sheriff.
XXIV “all” = kol. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew kol (all, every, everyone); from kalal (to complete). This is whole, all, every.

the officialsXXV of the provinces to assembleXXVI and comeXXVII to the dedicationXXVIII of the statue that King Nebuchadnezzar had set up. So the satraps, the prefects, and the governors, the counselors, the treasurers, the justices, the magistrates, and all the officials of the provinces assembled for the dedication of the statue that King Nebuchadnezzar had set up.

Notes on verses 2d-3a

XXV “officials” = shilton. 2x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew shilton (authority, mastery, power); from shalat (to rule, dominate, govern; it can also mean to bear or permit). This is a governor, ruler, or official.
XXVI “assemble” = kenash. 3x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew kanas (to gather, assemble, enfold). This is to assemble or gather together.
XXVII “come” = athah. 16x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew athah (to come or bring; can refer to the past or future arriving). This is to come or become.
XXVIII “dedication” = chanukkah. 4x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew chanukkah (initiation, dedication, or consecration); perhaps from chanak (to narrow; to dedicate, initiate, train, or discipline). This is dedication or consecration.

When they were standingXXIX beforeXXX the statue that Nebuchadnezzar had set up, the heraldXXXI proclaimedXXXII aloud,XXXIII

Notes on verses 3b-4a

XXIX “standing” = qum. Same as “set…up” in v1. See note XI above.
XXX “before” = qobel. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew qebol (standing opposite, a thing that is in the front, battering ram). This is in front of, in this instance, as, before.
XXXI “herald” = karoz. 1x in OT. Aramaic – possibly from Greek. This is a herald.
XXXII “proclaimed” = qera. 11x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew qara (to call or call out – to call someone by name; calling forth). This is to call, read aloud, shout, cry.
XXXIII “aloud” = chayil. 7x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew chayil (strength, wealth, ability, activity; a soldier or a company of soldiers; goods; a force of people, means, or goods; valor, virtue, or strength); from chul (to be firm, strong, prosperous; to endure). This is power, strength, army, aloud.

“You are commanded,XXXIV O peoples,XXXV nations,XXXVI and languages,XXXVII 

Notes on verse 4b

XXXIV “commanded” = amar. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew amar (to say, answer, challenge). This is to say, declare, command, etc.
XXXV “peoples” = am. 15x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew am (people or nation; a tribe, troops or armies, or figuratively to refer to a flock of animals); from amam (to darken, hide, associate; creating shadows by huddling together). This is people.
XXXVI “nations” = ummah. Related to “cubits” in v1. 8x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew ummah (tribe or other community); from the same as em (see note VIII above). This is nation.
XXXVII “languages” = lishshan. 7x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew lashon (tongue, talker, language, or wedge; a tongue of flame or a water cove); from lashan (to lick, slander). This is tongue, speech, or nation.

that whenXXXVIII you hearXXXIX the soundXL of the horn,XLI

Notes on verse 5a

XXXVIII “when” = iddan. 13x in OT. Aramaic from a root that corresponding with the root of Hebrew iddah (menstruation, filthy); akin to ed (filthy, set time, menstrual period). This is a specific time or situation. It could refer to a moment or a duration.
XXXIX “hear” = shema. 9x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew shama (hear, call, consent, or consider; implies listening intelligently, giving attention; obedience and action are often implied). This is to hear or obey.
XL “sound” = qal. 7x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew qol (a sound, used often for human voices; when God speaks or angels, animals or instruments; a cry or a noise, thunder or earthquakes and so on). This is sound or voice.
XLI “horn” = qeren. 14x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew qeren (horn or hill; a flask or cornet, ivory, altar corner, mountain peak, or figuratively power). This is horn or cornet. It can be an animal horn or the instrument.

pipe,XLII lyre,XLIII trigon,XLIV

Notes on verse 5b

XLII “pipe” = mashroqi. 4x in OT. Aramaic from a root corresponding to Hebrew sharaq (to be shrill, hiss, whistle). This is a pipe or flute – an instrument that whistles. See https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/tp/notes-daniel/daniel_mitchell.pdf
XLIII “lyre” = qitharos. 4x in OT. Aramaic – perhaps a loan-word from Greek kithara (a kind of lyre or lyre). This is a lyre or zither. See https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/tp/notes-daniel/daniel_mitchell.pdf
XLIV “trigon” = sabbeka. 4x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew sabak (to interweave). This is a trigon, or lyre. A trigon is an instrument that is shaped like a triangle and has four strings (a kind of harp). See https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/tp/notes-daniel/daniel_mitchell.pdf

harp,XLV drum,XLVI and entireXLVII

Notes on verse 5c

XLV “harp” = pesanterin. 4x in OT. Aramaic – a transliteration of Greek psalterion (psaltery, harp; a stringed instrument that is in the shape of a triangle); from psallo (to twang, play, sing psalms, pluck a stringed instrument such as a harp); from psao (to rub). This may be a trigon or psaltery. It is an instrument that is shaped like a triangle. See https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/tp/notes-daniel/daniel_mitchell.pdf
XLVI “drum” = sumponeyah. 3x in OT. Aramaic – a loan-work from Greek sumphonia (some combination of pipes); from sumphonos (harmonious, agreeing, consent; having one voice i.e. a shared understanding); {from sun (with, together with) + phone (voice, sound, tone or noise; also a language or dialect); probably from phemi to declare, say, use contrasts in speaking to shed light on one point of view); {from phao (to shine) or phaino (to bring light, cause to appear, shine, become visible or clear)}} or {from tumpanon (drum; timpani); from tupto (to strike, beat)}. This is a double pipe or dulcimer. See https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/tp/notes-daniel/daniel_mitchell.pdf & https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%84%CF%8D%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek 
XLVII “entire” = kol. Same as “all” in v2. See note XXIV above.

musicalXLVIII ensemble,XLIX you are to fall downL and worshipLI the golden statue that King Nebuchadnezzar has set up. 

Notes on verse 5d

XLVIII “musical” = zemar. 4x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew zamar (making music; used specially of music to worship God; music with singing, singing praise, singing psalms); may be from zamar (to trim or prune). This is music played on an instrument.
XLIX “ensemble” = zan. 4x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew zan (kind, sort, nourished, formed); from zun (to feed, nourish). This is kind, sort, or ensemble.
L “fall down” = nephal. 11x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew naphal (to fall, literal or figurative; death, calamity, wasting away). This is to fall, come down from, be responsible for, or happen.
LI “worship” = segid. 12x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew sagad (to fall down or bow in worship). This is to worship by bringing one’s face to the ground.

Whoever does not fall down and worship shall immediatelyLII be thrownLIII intoLIV

Notes on verse 6a

LII “immediately” = shaah. 5x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew shaah (to gaze at, gaze around, regard – to look to, especially for help; to consider or be compassionate; to look at in amazement or while confounded). This is a look, which is to say a small amount of time, a moment or a while. It can also mean suddenly or immediately.
LIII “thrown” = remah. 12x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew ramah (to betray, deceive, beguile, throw). This is to throw, set, assess.
LIV “into” = gav. 13x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew gev (the back or body; by analogy, among or in the middle); from ga’ah (to rise up, increase, grow, be highly exalted; figuratively to be majestic). This is midst, within, same.

a furnaceLV of blazingLVI fire.”LVII 

Therefore,LVIII as soon asLIX all the peoples heard the sound of the horn, pipe, lyre, trigon, harp, drum, and entire musical ensemble, all the peoples, nations, and languages fell down and worshiped the golden statue that King Nebuchadnezzar had set up.

Notes on verses 6b-7

LV “furnace” = attun. 10x in OT. Aramaic – perhaps corresponding to Hebrew esh (fire, burning, flaming, hot; fire in a literal or figurative sense). This is a fireplace or furnace.
LVI “blazing” = yeqad. 8x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew yaqad (to kindle, burn). This is to burn or blaze.
LVII “fire” = nur. 17x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew ner (properly, to glisten; a lamp, light, burner, candle; light literal or figurative); related to nir (to gleam, till). This is fire or fiery.
LVIII {untranslated} = kol + qobel. Kol is the same as “all” in v2. See note XXIV above. Qobel is the same as “before” in v3. See note XXX above.
LIX “as soon as” = zeman. 11x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew zeman (a specific time, occasion, or season); from zamam (to devise, plot, imagine, intend, scheme, think evil; usually in an evil sense). This is time, season, set period.

Accordingly,LX at this timeLXI certainLXII ChaldeansLXIII

Notes on verse 8a

LX {untranslated} = kol + qobel. Kol is the same as “all” in v2. See note XXIV above. Qobel is the same as “before” in v3. See note XXX above.
LXI “time” = zeman. Same as “as soon as” in v7. See note LIX above.
LXII “certain” = gebar. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew geber (man, warrior, a person generally, valiant person); from gabar (to be strong or mighty; to prevail or to be insolent). This is a man, a certain person, or people.
LXIII “Chaldeans” = Kasday. 8x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew Kasdi (Chaldean – part of southern Babylon and the people who lived there; famous for their astrologers); from Kesed (Kesed, one of Nahor’s sons). This is Chaldean, someone from a particular region that was reputed for its astrologers and diviners.

came forwardLXIV and denouncedLXV the Jews.LXVI 

Notes on verse 8b

LXIV “came forward” = qereb. 9x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew qarab (to come near, offer, make ready). This is to approach, offer, present.
LXV “denounced” = akal + qerats. Akal is 7x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew akal (to eat, consume, burn up; eat in a literal or figurative sense). This is to eat or devour. Figuratively, it can refer to a malicious charge. Qerats is 2x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew qerets (stinging insect, destruction; something damaged by constricting); from qarats (to pinch, compress, bite lips, blink eyes maliciously, pinch off some clay to make a vessel); probably borrowed from Assyrian karfe akalu (malign, slander). This is piece or morsel.
LXVI “Jews” = Yehudain. 10x in OT. Aramaic from Yehud (Yehud, which is to say Judah or Jews; the Babylonians used this as the name of the province formerly known as Judah); from Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew Yehudah (Judah, son of Jacob, his tribal descendants, a name for the southern kingdom. Literally, it means praised); probably from yadah (to throw one’s hands into the air in a gesture of praise). This is Jew, Judah, or someone from or living in Judah.

They saidLXVII to King Nebuchadnezzar,LXVIII “O king, liveLXIX forever!LXX 

Notes on verse 9

LXVII “said” = anah. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew anah (to answer, respond, announce, sing, shout, or testify; to pay attention, which implies responding and, by extension, starting to talk; singing, shouting, testifying, etc.). This is to answer, speak, or reply.
LXVIII {untranslated} = amar. Same as “commanded” in v4. See note XXXIV above.
LXIX “live” = chaya. 6x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to chayah (to live or keep alive literally or figuratively). This is to live, be spared, or preserve alive.
LXX “forever” = alam. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew olam (a long scope of time whether in the past (antiquity, ancient time) or in the future (eternal, everlasting)). This is old or everlasting. It is a point of time in the distant past or indefinite future.

10 You, O king, have madeLXXI a decree,LXXII that everyoneLXXIII who hears the sound of the horn, pipe, lyre, trigon, harp, drum, and entire musical ensemble, shall fall down and worship the golden statue, 11 and whoever does not fall down and worship shall be thrown into a furnace of blazing fire. 

Notes on verses 10-11

LXXI “made” = sim. This is to put or place in a literal or figurative sense. It can be appoint, care, change, make, and may other things.
LXXII “decree” = teem. Aramaic from teem (to feed, taste); from Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew taam (to taste, sense, perceive). This is a flavor. Figuratively it means a judgment – here, a decree.
LXXIII “everyone” = kol + enash. Kol is the same as “all” in v2. See note XXIV above. Enash is Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew enosh (human, humankind, mortal); from anash (to be weak, sick, or frail). This is man, humankind, or whoever.

12 There areLXXIV certain Jews whom you have appointedLXXV over the affairsLXXVI of the province of Babylon:

Notes on verse 12a

LXXIV “there are” = ithay. 17x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew yesh (being, existence, substance). This is there is or there are.
LXXV “appointed” = mena. 5x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew manah (to weigh out, reckon, count, number, set, tell; by implication, it is allotting or providing something officially). This is to number, count up, appoint, set.
LXXVI “affairs” = abidah. Related to “made” in v1. 6x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew abodah (labor, service, bondage, job, servitude, worker; any kind of work); from abad (see note III above). This is work, labor, or administration.

Shadrach,LXXVII Meshach,LXXVIII and Abednego.LXXIX

Notes on verse 12b

LXXVII “Shadrach” = Shadrach. 14x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew Shadrach (Shadrach); likely an Akkadian name, perhaps from Shudur (command) + Aku (Aku, moon god). This is Shadrach, the Babylonian name for Hananiah. It may mean “command of Aku.” See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadrach,_Meshach,_and_Abednego
LXXVIII “Meshach” = Meshach. 14x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew Meshach (Meshach); likely an Akkadian name, perhaps from Mi + sha + aku (Meshach). This is Meshach, the Babylonian name given to Mishael. It may mean “who is what Aku is?” See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadrach,_Meshach,_and_Abednego
LXXIX “Abednego” = Abed-nego. 14x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew Abednego (Abednego); likely an Akkadian name, {perhaps from abed + Nebo (servant or worker of Nebo). This is Abednego, the Babylonian name given to Azariah. It may mean “servant of Nebo.” See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadrach,_Meshach,_and_Abednego

These menLXXX pay no heedLXXXI to you, O king.LXXXII They do not serveLXXXIII your gods,LXXXIV and they do not worship the golden statue that you have set up.”

Notes on verse 12c

LXXX “men” = gebar. Same as “certain” in v8. See note LXII above.
LXXXI “pay…heed” = sim. Same as “made” in v10. See note LXXI above.
LXXXII {untranslated} = teem. Same as “decree” in v10. See note LXXII above.
LXXXIII “serve” = pelach. 10x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew palach (to slice, bring forth, plow, work, pierce). This is to serve, minister, revere.
LXXXIV “gods” = elah. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew eloah (God, a god); from el (God, a god). This is God or a god.

13 Then Nebuchadnezzar in furiousLXXXV rageLXXXVI commanded that Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego be broughtLXXXVII in, so they brought those men beforeLXXXVIII the king. 

Notes on verse 13

LXXXV “furious” = chema. 2x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew chemah (heat – figuratively it can be anger or fury; poison or venom); from yacham (to be hot, mate; figuratively, to conceive). This is rage, anger, fury.
LXXXVI “rage” = regaz. 1x in OT. Aramaic from regaz (to enrage, provoke); from Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew ragaz (shaking from any strong emotion, particularly anger or fear; to be agitated, excited, perturbed, afraid, quaking, quivering). This is violent anger.
LXXXVII “brought” = athah. Same as “come” in v2. See note XXVII above.
LXXXVIII “before” = qodam. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew qedem (front, formerly, before, east, eternal, everlasting, antiquity). This is before, toward, from.

14 Nebuchadnezzar said to them,LXXXIX “Is it true,XC O Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, that you doXCI not serve my gods and you do not worship the golden statue that I have set up? 15 NowXCII, XCIII

Notes on verses 14-15a

LXXXIX {untranslated} = amar. Same as “commanded” in v4. See note XXXIV above.
XC “true” = tseda. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew tsadah (lie in wait, chase, desolate). This is purpose or true.
XCI “do” = ithay. Same as “there are” in v12. See note LXXIV above.
XCII “now” = kean. Related to “said” in v9. 13x in OT. Aramaic probably from anah (see note LXVII above) OR from Aramaic ken (as follows); {from Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew ken (to set upright. Generally used figuratively to mean thus, so, afterwards, rightly so); perhaps from kun (properly, in a perpendicular position; literally, to establish, fix, fasten, prepare; figuratively, it is certainty, to be firm, faithfulness, render sure or prosperous)}. This is now.
XCIII {untranslated} = hen. 18x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew hen (lo! Behold! If, though; an expression of surprise). This is therefore, whether, or.

if you areXCIV ready,XCV whenXCVI you hear the sound of the horn, pipe, lyre, trigon, harp, drum, and entire musical ensemble, you should fall down and worship the statue that I have made.XCVII But ifXCVIII you do not worship, you shall immediately be thrown into a furnace of blazing fire, and who is the god who will deliverXCIX you out of my hands?”C

Notes on verse 15b

XCIV “are” = ithay. Same as “there are” in v12. See note LXXIV above.
XCV “ready” = athid. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew athid (ready, prepared, treasures, skillful, future); from athod (to be ready, prepare, destined). This is ready or prepared.
XCVI “when” = iddan. Same as “when” in v5. See note XXXVIII above.
XCVII “made” = abad. Same as “made” in v1. See note III above.
XCVIII {untranslated} = hen. Same as {untranslated} in v15. See note XCII above.
XCIX “deliver” = shezab. 9x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew azab (to leave, forsake, permit). This is to leave, deliver, save, or to free.
C “hands” = yad. 17x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to yad (hand, ability, power; hand in a literal sense; what one can do or the means by which one does it). This is hand, attempt, power.

16 Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego answeredCI the king,CII “O Nebuchadnezzar, we have no needCIII to present a defenseCIV to you in this matter.CV 

Notes on verse 16

CI “answered” = anah. Same as “said” in v9. See note LXVII above.
CII {untranslated} = amar. Same as “commanded” in v4. See note XXXIV above.
CIII “need” = chashach. 3x in OT. Aramaic – perhaps with a root corresponding to Hebrew chush (to hurry, be excited, enjoy). This is to need, crave, be careful.
CIV “present a defense” = tub. 8x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew shub (to turn back, return, turn away – literally or figuratively; not necessarily implying going back to where you started from). This is to answer, return, retore, present.
CV “matter” = pithgam. 6x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew pithgam (edict, decree, sentence); derived from a Persian loan-word patigama (arrive); from Persian paigam (message). This is reply, report, edict, sentence, affair, letter.

17 IfCVI our God whom we serve isCVII ableCVIII to deliver us from the furnace of blazing fire and out of your hand, O king, let him deliver us. 18 But ifCIX not, beCX it knownCXI to you, O king, that we willCXII not serve your gods and we will not worship the golden statue that you have set up.”

Notes on verses 17-18

CVI {untranslated} = hen. Same as {untranslated} in v15. See note XCII above.
CVII “is” = ithay. Same as “there are” in v12. See note LXXIV above.
CVIII “able” = yekel. 12x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew yakol (to be able, endure, overcome, prevail). This is be able, can.
CIX {untranslated} = hen. Same as {untranslated} in v15. See note XCII above.
CX “be” = hava. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew hayah (to be, become, happen). This is to be, become, happen, exist.
CXI “known” = yeda. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew yada (to know, be aware, see and so understand – includes observation, care, recognition; can also be used as a euphemism). This is to know, certify, teach.
CXII “will” = ithay. Same as “there are” in v12. See note LXXIV above.

19 Then Nebuchadnezzar was so filledCXIII with rageCXIV against Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego thatCXV his faceCXVI was distorted.CXVII

Notes on verse 19a

CXIII “filled” = mela. 2x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew male (fill, satisfy, replenish, accomplish, fulfill, confirm, or consecrate; fill in a literal or figurative sense). This is to fill or to be full.
CXIV “rage” = chema. Same as “furious” in v13. See note LXXXIV above.
CXV {untranslated} = tselem. Same as “statue” in v1. See note V above.
CXVI “face” = anaph. 2x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew aph (properly refers to the nose or nostril and by extension the face; can specifically refer to anger or wrath as one breathes hard and nostrils flare in times of great anger); from anaph (to be angry; properly, breathing hard as a signifier of being enraged). This is face or facial.
CXVII “distorted” = shena. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew shana (to change, alter). This is to change or be diverse.

He orderedCXVIII, CXIX the furnace heated upCXX sevenCXXI timesCXXII more

Notes on verse 19b

CXVIII {untranslated} = anah. Same as “said” in v9. See note LXVII above.
CXIX “ordered” = amar. Same as “commanded” in v4. See note XXXIV above.
CXX “heated up” = aza. 3x in OT. From an Aramaic root. This is to heat, kindle, or burn.
CXXI “seven” = shibah. 6x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew sheba (seven – the number of perfection/sacred fullness). This is seven.
CXXII “times” = chad. 14x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew echad (number one, first, united; alone, altogether, a certain, a few); perhaps from achad (to unify, continue on a path; figuratively, to gather one’s thoughts). This is one, same, together.

than was customaryCXXIII, CXXIV 20 and orderedCXXV someCXXVI of

Notes on verses 19c-20a

CXXIII “customary” = chazah. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew chazah (to gaze at – to see or behold; perceiving as a mental process or looking at something with pleasure; seeing a vision). This is to see, have a dream.
CXXIV {untranslated} = aza. Same as “heated” in v19. See note CXIX above.
CXXV “ordered” = amar. Same as “commanded” in v4. See note XXXIV above.
CXXVI “some” = gebar. Same as “certain” in v8. See note LXII above.

the strongestCXXVII guardsCXXVIII in his armyCXXIX to bindCXXX Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego and to throw them into the furnace of blazing fire. 

Notes on verse 20b

CXXVII “strongest” = chayil. Same as “aloud” in v4. See note XXXIII above.
CXXVIII “guards” = gibbar. Related to “certain” in v8. 1x in OT. Aramaic from the same as gebar (see note LXI above). This is warrior or valiant.
CXXIX “army” = chayil. Same as “aloud” in v4. See note XXXIII above.
CXXX “bind” = kephath. 4x in OT. Aramaic root. This is to bind or tie.

21 So the men were bound, still wearing their tunics,CXXXI their trousers,CXXXII their hats,CXXXIII and their other garments,CXXXIV and they were thrown into the furnace of blazing fire. 

Notes on verse 21

CXXXI “tunics” = sarbal. 2x in OT. Aramaic – likely from a foreign root. This is a cloak, coat, or maybe shoes.
CXXXII “trousers” = petash. 1x in OT. Aramaic perhaps corresponding to a Hebrew root pattiysh (forge hammer, from a word meaning to pound, hammer). This is some kind of garment – maybe a coat, leggings, or a coat.
CXXXIII “hats” = karbela. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew karbel (clothed, girded); from the same as kebel (fetter, to braid together). This is a hat, helmet, or mantle.
CXXXIV “garments” = lebush. 2x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew lebush (clothing literally or figuratively; a euphemism for a wife); from labash (to wrap around, which implies clothing oneself or someone else; wrapping around in a literal or figurative way). This is a garment or clothes.

22 BecauseCXXXV the king’s commandCXXXVI was urgentCXXXVII and the furnace was soCXXXVIII overheated,CXXXIX

Notes on verse 22a

CXXXV {untranslated} = kol + qobel. Kol is the same as “all” in v2. See note XXIV above. Qobel is the same as “before” in v3. See note XXX above.
CXXXVI “command” = millah. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew millah (something said – a word, speech, talking, or discourse); from malal (to say, speak; often used in a poetic sense). This is word, thing, matter.
CXXXVII “was urgent” = chatsaph. 2x in OT. Aramaic root. This is to cut close, be harsh or urgent.
CXXXVIII “so” = yattir. 8x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew yattir (Yattir, a city whose name means “redundant”); from yathar (to jut over, remain behind, preserve, to excel). This is extremely, surpassing, excellent.
CXXXIX “overheated” = aza. Same as “heated” in v19. See note CXIX above.

the ragingCXL flamesCXLI killedCXLII the men who liftedCXLIII Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego. 23 But the threeCXLIV men, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, fell down, bound, into the furnace of blazing fire.

Notes on verses 22b-23

CXL “raging” = shebib. 2x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew shabib (flame, spark); from the same as shabab (perhaps from a word for break up; fragment, splinter, blaze, ray). This is flame.
CXLI “flames” = nur. Same as “fire” in v6. See note LVII above.
CXLII “killed” = qetal. 7x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew qatal (to kill, cut off). This is to slay or kill.
CXLIII “lifted” = nesaq. 3x in OT. Aramaic from the same as seleq (to take, turn); {from Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew saleq (to come up)} OR Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew nasaq (ascent); from the same as saleq (see above). This is lift or take up.
CXLIV “three” = telath. 11x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew shalosh (three, fork, triad). This is three or third.

24 Then King Nebuchadnezzar was astonishedCXLV and rose upCXLVI quickly.CXLVII

Notes on verse 24a

CXLV “astonished” = tevah. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew tamah (to be amazed, wonder, be dumbfounded) OR it may correspond with Hebrew sha’ah (to make a loud noise or crash, devastate, rush). This is to amaze, be startled, be alarmed.
CXLVI “rose up” = qum. Same as “set…up” in v1. See note XI above.
CXLVII “quickly” = behal. 11x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew bahal (to be afraid, dismayed, amazed; deep trembling within; figuratively, being suddenly agitated; implies moving or acting quickly/anxiously). This is to alarm, terrify, hurry.

He said to his counselors,CXLVIII, CXLIX “Was it not three men that we threw bound into the fire?”

They answered the king,CL “True,CLI O king.” 

Notes on verse 24b

CXLVIII “counselors” = haddabar. 4x in OT. Aramaic from a Persian loan-word (meaning uncertain). This is counselor, minister, vizier.
CXLIX {untranslated} = amar. Same as “commanded” in v4. See note XXXIV above.
CL {untranslated} = amar. Same as “commanded” in v4. See note XXXIV above.
CLI “true” = yatstsiyb. 5x in OT. Aramaic from Hebrew yetsab (to make sure, be firm, speak with certainty); corresponding to Hebrew yatsab (to set oneself, take a stand, remain, continue, to station or set something in place). This is certainty, certain, true, stand fast, truth.

25 He replied,CLII, CLIII “ButCLIV I seeCLV fourCLVI men unbound,CLVII

Notes on verse 25a

CLII “replied” = anah. Same as “said” in v9. See note LXVII above.
CLIII {untranslated} = amar. Same as “commanded” in v4. See note XXXIV above.
CLIV {untranslated} = ha. Related to {untranslated} in v15. 2x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew hen (see note XCIII above). This is behold! or look.
CLV “see” = chazah. Same as “customary” in v19. See note CXXII above.
CLVI “four” = arba. 8x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew arba (four); from raba (to make square or be four-sided). This is four.
CLVII “unbound” = shera. 6x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew sharah (to let free, direct). This is to loosen, begin, dwell, unravel, free.

walkingCLVIII in the middleCLIX of the fire, and they areCLX not hurt,CLXI

Notes on verse 25b

CLVIII “walking” = halak. 3x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew halak (to go, come, walk; to walk literally and figuratively; of people and animals; how we walk according to God’s way or against it; the walk of life). This is to go, bring, walk.
CLIX “in the middle” = gav. Same as “into” in v6. See note LIV above.
CLX “are” = ithay. Same as “there are” in v12. See note LXXIV above.
CLXI “hurt” = chabal. 3x in OT. Aramaic from chabal (to destroy or harm); from Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew chabal (to break, destroy, ruin). This is harm, injury, damage. It could be a literal injury or a financial harm.

and the fourthCLXII hasCLXIII the appearanceCLXIV of aCLXV god.” 

Notes on verse 25c

CLXII “fourth” = rebii. Related to “four” in v25. 6x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew rebii (fourth or square-shaped); from the same as arba (see note CLVI above). This is fourth.
CLXIII “has” = demah. 2x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew damah (to resemble, liken, compare, consider, think). This is to be similar, resemble.
CLXIV “appearance” = rev. 2x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew raah (to see, show, stare, think, view; to see in a literal or figurative sense). This is appearance, aspect, or form.
CLXV {untranslated} = bar. 8x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew ben (son literal or figurative; also, grandson, subject, nation); from banah (to build or obtain children). This is son or age.

26 Nebuchadnezzar then approachedCLXVI the doorCLXVII of the furnace of blazing fire and said,CLXVIII “Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, servantsCLXIX

Notes on verse 26a

CLXVI “approached” = qereb. Same as “came forward” in v8. See note LXIV above.
CLXVII “door” = tera. 2x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew shaar (a gate, door, or other opening like a port); perhaps related to sha’ar (to calculate or reckon; may come from a root that means to open up or split). This is gate, door, court. It can also refer to a palace.
CLXVIII {untranslated} = amar. Same as “commanded” in v4. See note XXXIV above.
CLXIX “servants” = abad. Related to “made” in v1 & “affairs” in v12. 7x in OT. See note III above.

of the Most HighCLXX God,CLXXI come out!CLXXII ComeCLXXIII here!”

So Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego came outCLXXIV fromCLXXV the fire. 

Notes on verse 26b

CLXX “Most High” = Illay. 10x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew illi (upper, high); from alah (to go up, ascend, be high, be a priority; to arise in a literal or figurative sense). This is supreme or Most High.
CLXXI “God” = Elah. Same as “gods” in v12. See note LXXXIV above.
CLXXII “come out” = nephaq. 11x in OT. Aramaic. This is to flow out, issue, come forth.
CLXXIII “come” = athah. Same as “come” in v2. See note XXVII above.
CLXXIV “came out” = nephaq. Same as “come out” in v2. See note CLXXII above.
CLXXV “from” = gav. Same as “into” in v6. See note LIV above.

27 And the satraps, the prefects, the governors, and the king’s counselors gathered togetherCLXXVI and saw that the fire had not had any powerCLXXVII over the bodiesCLXXVIII of those men; the hairCLXXIX of their headsCLXXX

Notes on verse 27a

CLXXVI “gathered together” = kenash. Same as “assemble” in v2. See note XXVI above.
CLXXVII “power” = shelet. Related to “officials” in v2. 7x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew shalat (see note XXV above). This is to rule, have power, rank, overpower.
CLXXVIII “bodies” = geshem. 5x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew geshem (rain, shower); from gasham (to rain, shower strongly). This is body.
CLXXIX “hair” = sear. 3x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew sear (hair, hairy, rough); perhaps from sa’ar (to storm, scattered by a storm, blow away, rage, storm tossed; this is to toss in a literal or figurative sense). This is hair.
CLXXX “heads” = resh. 14x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew rosh (head, captain, or chief; excellent or the forefront; first in position or in statue or in time). This is head or chief.

was not singed,CLXXXI their tunics were not scorched,CLXXXII and not even the smellCLXXXIII of fire cameCLXXXIV from them. 

Notes on verse 27b

CLXXXI “singed” = charak. 1x in OT. Aramaic – from a word likely corresponding with Hebrew charar (to be hot, burn, glow, melt, be scorched; figuratively, to incite passion, be angry). This is to singe or scorch.
CLXXXII “scorched” = shena. Same as “distorted” in v19. See note CXVII above.
CLXXXIII “smell” = reach. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew reach (scent, aroma, fragrance); from the same as ruach (breath, wind, air, cool, spirit; wind, which resembles the breath; figuratively, life itself or being frail/mortal/impermanent; air of the sky or the spirit). This is smell.
CLXXXIV “came” = ada. 9x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew adah (to advance or continue; to take away or remove; adorning oneself with ornaments). This is to pass, remove, depart.

28 Nebuchadnezzar said,CLXXXV “BlessedCLXXXVI be the God of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, who has sent his angelCLXXXVII and delivered his servants who trustedCLXXXVIII in him.

Notes on verse 28a

CLXXXV {untranslated} = amar. Same as “commanded” in v4. See note XXXIV above.
CLXXXVI “blessed” = berak. 5x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew barak (to kneel, bless; blessing God as part of worship and adoration; blessing humans to help them; can be used as a euphemism to say curse God). This is to kneel or bless.
CLXXXVII “angel” = malak. 2x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew malak (messenger, an angel, or a deputy; human messengers literally or for prophets, priests, or teachers as messengers of God; also supernatural messengers i.e. angels). This is angel.
CLXXXVIII “trusted” = rechats. 1x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew rachats (to wash, wash away – it can be complete or partial). This is to attend someone, to trust.

They disobeyedCLXXXIX the king’s command and yieldedCXC up their bodies rather than serve and worship anyCXCI god exceptCXCII their own God. 

Notes on verse 28b

CLXXXIX “disobeyed” = shena. Same as “distorted” in v19. See note CXVII above.
CXC “yielded” = yehab. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew yahab (give, put, bring, take; to give in a literal or figurative sense). This is to give, yield, prolong.
CXCI “any” = kol. Same as “all” in v2. See note XXIV above.
CXCII “except” = lawhen. Related to {untranslated} in v15 & “but” in v25. 9x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew lahen (therefore, on account); from hen (see note XCIII above). This is but, except, therefore, unless.

29 Therefore I makeCXCIII a decree: Any people, nation, or language that uttersCXCIV blasphemyCXCV against the God of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego shall be tornCXCVI limb from limbCXCVII

Notes on verse 29a

CXCIII “make” = sim. Same as “made” in v10. See note LXXI above.
CXCIV “utters” = amar. Same as “commanded” in v4. See note XXXIV above.
CXCV “blasphemy” = shalah. 1x in OT. Aramaic akin to shalu (neglect, fail, fault); Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew shalah (to be quiet, safe, tranquil; can imply success or happiness; could also mean to deceive or be negligent). This is something amiss, something wrong.
CXCVI “torn” = abad. Same as “made” in v1. See note III above.
CXCVII “limb from limb” = haddam. 2x in OT. Aramaic – may come from a root that corresponds to Hebrew hadom (stool, footstool). This is something stamped – a limb or piece.

and their housesCXCVIII laidCXCIX in ruins,CC forCCI

Notes on verse 29b

CXCVIII “houses” = bayit. Related to {untranslated} in v25. Probably from banah (see note CLXV above). This is house, court, family, palace, temple.
CXCIX “laid” = shvah. 2x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew shavah (to equalize, resemble, agree with, compare, adjust, compose, place, or yield). This is to be like, resemble.
CC “ruins” = nevalu. 3x in OT. Aramaic – of foreign origin; maybe an Assyrian loan-word. It’s root may mean to stink. So, it would be a ruin, garbage heap, dung hill.
CCI {untranslated} = kol + qobel. Kol is the same as “all” in v2. See note XXIV above. Qobel is the same as “before” in v3. See note XXX above.

there isCCII no otherCCIII god who is able to deliverCCIV in this way.” 

30 Then the king promotedCCV Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego in the province of Babylon.

Notes on verses 29c-30

CCII “there is” = ithay. Same as “there are” in v12. See note LXXIV above.
CCIII “other” = ochoran. 5x in OT. Aramaic from achar (after, future); Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew achar (after, the last part, following); from achar (to be behind, delay, be late, procrastinate, continue). This is another, other.
CCIV “deliver” = netsal. 3x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew natsal (to snatch someone or something away in a good sense – as rescue, defend, or deliver – or in a bad sense – as strip or plunder). This is to rescue or deliver.
CCV “promoted” = tselach. 4x in OT. Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew tsaleach (to advance, prosper) OR from Aramaic corresponding to Hebrew tsalach (pushing forward in a literal or figurative sense; to break out, to come mightily, to rush, to go over; figuratively, to prosper). This is to prosper, succeed, promote.


Image credit: “Three Men and a Fiery Furnace” by Sue Bentley, 2015.

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