Exodus 12:1-13 & 13:1-8

^I “Lord” = YHVH. From havah (to be, become) or hayah (to come to pass, become, be). This is the name of the God of Israel, the self-existent and eternal one, the tetragrammaton. This pronunciation has been lost to time so “Lord” is generally used in its place.
^II “said” = amar. This is to speak, say, answer, command, promise, report.
^III “Moses” = Mosheh. From mashah (to pull out in a literal or figurative sense, to draw out) OR from Egyptian mes or mesu (child, son i.e. child of…). This is Moses – the one drawn out from the water, which is to say, rescued. If derived from the Egyptian, his name would share a root with Rameses and Thutmose.

^IV “Aaron” = Aharon. Derivation uncertain. May mean “bearer of martyrs” OR be related to Ancient Egyptian ꜥḥꜣ rw (warrior lion) OR elevated, exalted, high mountain. This is Aaron. See https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Aaron
^V “land” = erets. Root may mean to be firm. This is earth, ground, field land, or country.
^VI “Egypt” = Mitsrayim. Perhaps from matsor (besieged or fortified place, bulwark, entrenchment; something hemmed in; a siege or distress or fastness); from tsur (to confine, besiege, to cramp). This is Egypt.
^VII {untranslated} = amar. Same as “said” in v12:1. See note II above.

^VIII “month” = chodesh. From chadash (to renew, repair). This refers to a new moon. It can also mean monthly.
^IX “beginning” = rosh. This may come a word that means to shake. It is the head, captain, or chief. It can also be excellent or the forefront. It can be first in position or in statue or in time (i.e. the beginning).
^X “first” = rishon. Related to “beginning” in v12:2. From rishah (beginning or early time); from rosh (see note IX above). This is first, former, ancestor, beginning, ranked first.
^XI “year” = shanah. From shana (to change, alter). This is a year, age, old. It can also mean yearly.

^XII “tell” = dabar. This is generally to speak, answer, declare, or command. It might mean to arrange and so to speak in a figurative sense as arranging words.
^XIII “whole” = kol. From kalal (to complete). This is all or every.
^XIV “congregation” = edah. From yaad (to appoint, assemble or gather selves, agree) OR from ed (witness, testimony, recorder); from ud (to admonish, repeat, duplicate, testify, restore, record, relieve). This is a congregation, assembly, or company. It could be a family, crowd, or fixture.
^XV “Israel” = Yisrael. From sarah (to persist, exert oneself, contend, persevere, wrestle, prevail) + El (God or god). This is Israel, meaning God strives or one who strives with God; new name for Jacob and for his offspring. This refers to the people and to the land.
^XVI {untranslated} = amar. Same as “said” in v12:1. See note II above.

^XVII “tenth” = asor. 16x in OT. From the same as eser (teen or -teen). This is ten or tenth. Sometimes it’s a ten-stringed instrument like the lute.
^XVIII “take” = laqach. This is to take, accept, carry away, receive. It can also have the sense of take a wife or take in marriage.
^XIX “lamb” = seh. Perhaps from sha’ah (to make a loud noise or crash, devastate, rush). This is a lamb, sheep, or goat – a part of a flock.
^XX “each” = ish. Perhaps from enosh (human, humankind, mortal); from anash (to be weak, sick, or frail). This is man, husband, another, or humankind.
^XXI “family” = bayit + ab. Literally, “house of his father.” Bayit is probably from banah (to build, make, set up, obtain children; to build literally or figuratively). This is house, court, family, palace, temple. Ab is father, chief, or ancestor. It is father in a literal or figurative sense.
^XXII “household” = bayit. Same as “family” in v12:3. See note XXI above.

^XXIII “is too small” = maat. This is diminished, decreased, reduced, insignificant. It is a broad sense of being small or becoming small. Figuratively, this can mean ineffective.
^XXIV {untranslated} = hayah. Related to “Lord” in v12:1. See note I above.
^XXV “join” = laqach. Same as “take” in v12:3. See note XVIII above.
^XXVI “closest” = qarob. From qarab (to come near, offer, make ready). This is near whether nearby, related, near in time, or allied.
^XXVII “neighbor” = shaken. From shakan (to settle down in the sense of residing somewhere or staying there permanently; to abide or continue). This is resident or neighbor. It is related to mishkan, the Hebrew word for “tabernacle.”
^XXVIII {untranslated} = bayit. Same as “family” in v12:3. See note XXI above.

^XXIX “divided” = kasas. Related to “number” in v12:4. 1x in OT. See note XXXI below.
^XXX “proportion” = peh. This is mouth in a literal or figurative sense. So, more literally, it can be beak or jaws. More figuratively, it refers to speech, commands, or promises.
^XXXI “number” = miksah. 2x in OT. From mekes (tax, computation); from kasas (to estimate, divide, calculate). This is a number or valuation.
^XXXII “people” = nephesh + ish. Nephesh is related to naphash (to refresh or be refreshed). This is soul, self, person, emotion. It is a breathing creature. Can also refer to appetites and desires. Ish is the same as “each” in v12:3. See note XX above.
^XXXIII “eat” = okel. From akal (to eat, devour, burn up, or otherwise consume; eating in a literal or figurative sense). This is food, supply of provisions, the act of eating, or the time when one eats.

^XXXIV “be” = hayah. Same as {untranslated} in v12:4. See note XXIV above.
^XXXV “without blemish” = tamim. From tamam (to finish or accomplish; to make perfect, demonstrate that you are upright; consume; to complete in a literal or figurative sense). This is entire in a literal or figurative sense. So, it could be complete, full, intact, or without defect. Alternately, it could refer to being sound, having integrity, being sincere or perfect.
^XXXVI “old” = ben. Related to “family” in v12:3. From banah (see note XXI above). This is son, age, child. It is son in a literal or figurative sense.
^XXXVII “male” = zakar. From zakar (to remember, to mark something so that it can be recalled, to be mindful of, to mention). This is male. Properly, perhaps, it means one who is remembered, which is to say a male.

^XXXVIII “sheep” = kebes. Root may mean to dominate. This is a young male sheep – having just reached the age where it can butt other sheep.
^XXXIX “goats” = ez. Perhaps from azaz (to be strong in a literal or figurative sense, overcome, be impudent). This is a female goat, but can refer to male goats when plural.
^XL “shall” = hayah. Same as {untranslated} in v12:4. See note XXIV above.
^XLI “keep” = mishmereth. From mishmar (jail, guard, watch, guard post); from shamar (to keep, watch, or preserve; to guard something or to protect it as a thorny hedge protects something). This is a guard or watch or guard post. It is used figuratively for obligation, duty, or observance, including religious observance.
^XLII “fourteenth” = arba + asar. Arba is from raba (to make square or be four-sided). This is four. Asar is related to “tenth” in v12:3. From the same as eser (see note XVII above.). This is -teen or -teenth.
^XLIII “day” = yom. Root may mean being hot. This is the day in a literal or figurative sense. It can also mean birth, age, daylight, continually or other references to time.

^XLIV “assembled” = qahal. This is an assembly, congregation, or multitude.
^XLV “slaughter” = shachat. This is to slaughter, slay, or beat. It can be slaying for a sacrifice or in a massacre.
^XLVI “at” = bayin. From bin (to discern, consider, attend to; distinguishing things in one’s mind or, more generally, to understand). This is among, between, interval.
^XLVII “twilight” = ereb. This is evening, night, or dusk.

^XLVIII “blood” = dam. Perhaps from damam (to cease, be or become mute, silent, still, cut off, hold peace, be astonished, die). This is blood, bloodshed, bloodguilt, lifeblood, and death. It is used for people and animals. More often blood from a wound or the blood of the innocent. Used figuratively for violence or for wine. Closely tied to life and death.
^XLIX “put” = natan. This is to give, put, set, offer. It is to give literally or figuratively.
^L “two” = shenayim. From sheni (double, again, another, second); from shanah (to fold, repeat, double, alter, or disguise). This is two, both, second, couple.

^LI “doorposts” = mezuzah. 19x in OT. From the same as ziz (moving things like animals, abundance). This is a door or gate post. In modern Judaism, a mezuzah adorns the doorpost of many Jewish homes in reference to Deuteronomy 6:9. See https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mezuzah
^LII “lintel” = mashqoph. 3x in OT– all in Exodus 12. From the same as sheqeph (frame, window, framework); from shaqaph (to look down or look out; properly, looking by leaning out a window; peeping or gazing). This is a lintel.
^LIII “houses” = bayit. Same as “family” in v12:3. See note XXI above.
^LIV “eat” = akal. Related to “eat” in v12:4. See note XXXIII above.

^LV “eat” = akal. Same as “eat” in v12:7. See note LIV above.
^LVI “lamb” = basar. From basar (being a messenger, publish, carry preach; properly, this is being fresh, rosy or cheerful as one bearing news). This is flesh, the body, fat, skin, self, nakedness, humankind, or kin. It can also refer to private parts.
^LVII “night” = layil. Properly, this refers to light twisting away. It is used for night or midnight. Figuratively, this can mean adversity.
^LVIII “eat” = akal. Same as “eat” in v12:7. See note LIV above.
^LIX “roasted” = tsali. 3x in OT. From tsalah (to roast meat). This is to roast or a roast.

^LX “fire” = esh. This is fire, burning, flaming, hot. It is fire in a literal or figurative sense.
^LXI “unleavened bread” = matstsah. From matsats (to drain out). This is unleavened bread – bread that is sweet rather than becoming sour with the flavor of yeast. Can also be used to refer to the festival of Passover, the staple food of which is commonly transliterate matzoh from this word.
^LXII “bitter” = maror. 3x in OT. From marar (to be bitter, enraged, weep, grieve; properly, to trickle; to become bitter in a literal or figurative sense); from marar (to be bitter, embittered, weep, troubled); from mar (bitterness literal or figurative). This is bitterness or a bitter thing. It is where Mara (Naomi’s new name) and Miriam and Mary come from.

^LXIII “raw” = na. 1x in OT. Perhaps from nu (to hinder, discourage, refuse, break, or disallow). This is tough or raw meat.
^LXIV “boiled” = bashel + bashal. Bashel is 2x in OT. From bashal (to boil up, roast, or bake; ripen, produce, or seethe). This is cooked or boiled. Bashal is related to “boiled” in v12:9. See above.
^LXV “water” = mayim. This is water, waters, or waterway in a general sense. Figuratively, it can also mean juice, urine, or semen.

^LXVI “head” = rosh. Same as “beginning” in v12:2. See note IX above.
^LXVII “legs” = kera. 9x in OT. From kara (to bow, crouch, kneel down, subdue; to bend the knee in many senses). This is the leg, but only from the knee down to the ankle. It is used in the OT of people and of locusts.
^LXVIII “inner organs” = qereb. Related to “closest” in v12:4. Perhaps from qarab (see note XXVI above). This is among, in the midst, before, the center It is the inward part, whether literal or figurative. It can also be used for the heart, the site of thoughts and feelings. This word is also used as a technical term for the entrails of the animals who are sacrificed.

^LXIX “let…remain” = yathar. This is to jut over, remain behind, preserve, to excel. It can be to leave or to be in abundance.
^LXX “morning” = boqer. From baqar (to seek, plow, break forth, admire, care for). This refers to the break of day. So it is dawn, early, morning, or morrow.
^LXXI “burn” = saraph. This is to burn or kindle. This is the root that “seraphim” comes from.
^LXXII “eat” = akal. Same as “eat” in v12:7. See note LIV above.
^LXXIII “loins” = mothen. This is the waist, slender, or small of back. It can also refer to the loins when in plural.
^LXXIV “girded” = chagar. This is to gird, bind, or arm. Generally, it is using a belt to gather up one’s garment so that it’s easier to run or move quickly.

^LXXV “sandals” = naal. From naal (properly to secure with a bar or cord; to lock, bolt, enclose; to secure with a cord i.e. to put on a sandal). This is the tongue of a sandal and, by extension, a sandal or shoe itself. Figuratively, this can refer to occupancy, unwillingness to marry, or something without value.
^LXXVI “feet” = regel. This is foot, endurance, or journey. It is a foot as the means of walking and so it implies a step or a greater journey. It can be used euphemistically for private parts.
^LXXVII “staff” = maqqel. 18x in OT. This is a shoot with leaves growing from it or a staff. It could be a walking stick, a stick for guiding (e.g. sheep), a stick for striking like a war club, or a divining rod.
^LXXVIII “hand” = yad. This is hand, ability, power. Hand in a literal sense, but also what one can do or the means by which one does it.

^LXXIX “eat” = akal. Same as “eat” in v12:7. See note LIV above.
^LXXX “hurriedly” = chippazon. 3x in OT. From chaphaz (hurry or alarm; something that begins with a start so it can mean to hurry away or to panic, tremble, fear). This is haste or fear.
^LXXXI “Passover” = pesach. From pasach (to stop, pass over, skip over, to spare). This is Passover – used for the feast, the lamb of sacrifice, the day, and the festival itself. It means exemption.

^LXXXII “pass” = abar. This is to pass over or cross over. It is used for transitions, whether literal or figurative. It can also mean to escape, alienate, or fail. This is the root verb from which “Hebrew” is drawn.
^LXXXIII “strike” = nakah. This is to hit whether lightly or severely. It can be used in a literal or figurative sense. So, this could be beat, punish, give wounds, kill, or slaughter.
^LXXXIV “every” = kol. Same as “whole” in v12:3. See note XIII above.
^LXXXV “firstborn” = bekor. From bakar (to bear fruit, be firstborn, firstling, that which opens the womb, give the birthright to). This is firstborn or chief.

^LXXXVI “human” = adam. Perhaps from adam (to be red, make ruddy); related to adamah (ground, dirt, earth). This is man, humankind, also Adam’s name. It refers to a human individual or humanity.
^LXXXVII “animal” = behemah. This is animal or cattle. It is often used of large quadrupeds.
^LXXXVIII “all” = kol. Same as “whole” in v12:3. See note XIII above.
^LXXXIX “gods” = elohim. Related to “Israel” in v12:3. From Eloah (God, a god); from El (see note XV above). This is most commonly used as a name for God. Technically, it’s in the plural, i.e. gods. It can also mean great, mighty, judge, or ruler.
^XC “execute” = asah. This is to make, do, act, appoint, become in many senses.
^XCI “judgment” = shephet. 16x in OT. From shaphat (to judge, defend, pronounce judgment, condemn, govern). This is a judgment or a sentence.

^XCII “sign” = ot. From avah (to mark, sign, point out); OR from uth (to agree). This is a sign in a literal or figurative sense. It could be a flag or monument. It could be evidence or a mark. It could also be an omen or a miracle.
^XCIII “live” = sham. Literally, “there.”
^XCIV “see” = raah. This is to see in a literal or figurative sense so stare, advise, think, view.
^XCV “pass” = pasach. Related to “Passover” in v12:11. See note LXXXI above.

^XCVI {untranslated} = hayah. Same as {untranslated} in v12:4. See note XXIV above.
^XCVII “plague” = negeph. 7x in OT. From nagaph (to strike, beat, hurt, stumble, defeat, inflict disease). This is stumbling or any kind of blow. Figuratively, it can also refer to a disease or plague.
^XCVIII “destroy” = mashchith. 11x in OT. From shachath (to go to ruin, perish, decay, batter, cast off, lose, one who destroys; in a literal or figurative sense). This is ruin, corruption, a snare, destruction.

^XCIX “said” = dabar. Same as “tell” in v12:3. See note XII above.
^C {untranslated} = amar. Same as “said” in v12:1. See note II above.
^CI “consecrate” = qadash. From qodesh (set apart and so sacred; God is different from us and so God is holy/set apart; things we dedicate to God’s service are set apart for God and so they, too, are holy). This is set apart, consecrated, hallowed, sanctified. This is something or someone that is set apart for a holy purpose or use – ceremonially or morally clean.
^CII “whatever” = kol. Same as “whole” in v12:3. See note XIII above.

^CIII “open” = peter. 12x in OT. From patar (to separate, free, open, shoot out, emit, remove; this is to open up in a literal or figurative way). This is a firstling, firstborn, or opening. It is the thing that is the first to open.
^CIV “womb” = rechem. Related to racham (compassion, tender love, womb, compassion; the womb as that which cherishes the fetus). This is a womb.
^CV “Israelites” = ben + Yisrael. Literally, “children of Israel.” Ben is the same as “old” in v12:5. See note XXXVI above. Yisrael is the same as “Israel” in v12:3. See note XV above.
^CVI “human beings” = adam. Same as “humans” in v12:12. See note LXXXVI above.

^CVII “said” = amar. Same as “said” in v12:1. See note II above.
^CVIII “people” = am. From amam (to darken, hide, associate; creating shadows by huddling together). This is people or nation. It can be used specifically for a tribe, collectively of troops or armies, or figuratively to refer to a flock of animals.
^CIX “remember” = zakar. Related to “male” in v12:5. See note XXXVII above.
^CX “came out” = yatsa. This is to go or come out, bring forth, appear. It is to go out in a literal or figurative sense.
^CXI “slavery” = ebed. From abad (to work, serve, compel; any kind of work; used causatively, can mean to enslave or keep in bondage). This is a servant, slave, or bondservant.

^CXII “brought…out” = yatsa. Same as “came out” in v13:3. See note CX above.
^CXIII “strength” = chozeq. 5x in OT. From chazaq (to strengthen, seize, be courageous, repair, bind, heal, conquer, harden). This is strength or power.
^CXIV “leavened bread” = chamets. 13x in OT. From chamets (be or taste sour, fermented, harsh; dyed or of a dazzling color; cruelty). This is leaven or something leavened. It can refer to bread or extortion.
^CXV “eaten” = akal. Same as “eat” in v12:7. See note LIV above.

^CXVI “today” = yom. Same as “day” in v12:6. See note XLIII above.
^CXVII “Abib” = Abib. 8x in OT. This is a young ear or green head of grain. It is also the name of a month – Abib.
^CXVIII “going out” = yatsa. Same as “came out” in v13:3. See note CX above.
^CXIX {untranslated} = hayah. Same as {untranslated} in v12:4. See note XXIV above.
^CXX “brings” = bo. This is to enter, come in, advance, fulfill, bring offerings, enter to worship, attack. It can also have a sexual connotation.

^CXXI “Canaanites” = Knaaniy. From Kanaan (Canaan, his descendants, and the land where they settled; perhaps meaning lowlands, describing their land or subjugated in reference to being conquered by Egypt); from kana (to be humble, subdue; properly, bend the knee). This is Canaanite, which in some instances would imply a peddler or sometimes used in place of Ishmaelite. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan
^CXXII “Hittites” = Chitti. From cheth (Heth or Cheth; one of Canaan’s sons from whom perhaps the Hittites descend) OR from hatat (terror, lacking strength or courage); perhaps from hata (to seize; often used of coals from a fire). This is Hittite – perhaps meaning terrors or terrible. See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Hittite.html#.XyMgpp5KhPY
^CXXIII “Amorites” = Emori. Related to “said” in v12:1. From amar (see note II above). This is Amorite or Emori, perhaps meaning talkers.

^CXXIV “Hivites” = Chivvi. Probably from the same as chavyah (life-giving, which implies the place where one lives like a village or place where one camps); probably from the same as Chavvah (Eve, life-giver); from chavah (show, tell, live, declare). This is Hivite, perhaps meaning villagers or tent villagers.
^CXXV “Jebusites” = Yebusi. From yebus (threshing place; one of the former names of Jerusalem); from bus (to trample down, tread in a literal or figurative sense; to loathe, pollute, squirm). This is Jebusite, meaning treaders or threshers.
^CXXVI “swore” = shaba. Perhaps from sheba (seven – the number of perfection/sacred fullness). This is to swear, curse, vow, make a covenant. Properly, it can mean to be complete. This is to seven oneself – as in affirming something so strongly it is as though it were said seven times.
^CXXVII “ancestors” = ab. Same as “family” in v12:3. See note XXI above.

^CXXVIII “give” = natan. Same as “put” in v12:7. See note XLIX above.
^CXXIX “flowing” = zub. This is to flow or gush. It is to flow like water or overflow. It can also be discharge, pine, waste away, or have a sexual flow.
^CXXX “milk” = chalab. Perhaps from the same as cheleb (fat, finest, marrow; fat in a literal or figurative sense; the richest or best part). This is milk or cheese or suckling.
^CXXXI “honey” = debash. Root may mean being gummy. This is honey or honeycomb because it is so sticky. It can also refer to syrup.
^CXXXII “keep” = abad. Related to “slavery” in v13:3. See note CXI above.
^CXXXIII “observance” = abodah. Related to “slavery” in v13:3 & “keep” in v13:5. From abad (see note CXI above). This is labor, service, bondage, job, servitude, worker. It can refer to any kind of work.

^CXXXIV “seven” = sheba. Related to “swore” in v13:5. See note CXXVI above.
^CXXXV “eat” = akal. Same as “eat” in v12:7. See note LIV above.
^CXXXVI “seventh” = shebii. Related to “swore” in v13:5 & “seven” in v13:6. From sheba (see note CXXVI above). This is seventh.
^CXXXVII “festival” = chag. From chagag (feast, celebrating a festival, making a pilgrimage; properly, going in a circle or marching in sacred procession; implies giddiness and dancing; reeling to and fro). This is a feast, a sacrifice as part of a festival, or the gathering of the festival.

^CXXXVIII “eaten” = akal. Same as “eat” in v12:7. See note LIV above.
^CXXXIX “leaven” = seor. 5x in OT. Perhaps from sha’ar (properly, swelling up i.e. being left over; a remnant, remaining, being redundant). This is leaven or barm.
^CXL “territory” = gebul. Perhaps from gabal (to border, twist like rope). This is boundary, limit, coast, space. Properly, it is a line that is twisted, which implies a boundary and, by extension, the boundaries of a territory or other enclosed space.

^CXLI “tell” = nagad. This is to declare, make conspicuous, stand in front, manifest, predict, explain.
^CXLII “child” = ben. Same as “Israelites” in v12:5. See note CV above.
^CXLIII {untranslated} = amar. Same as “said” in v12:1. See note II above.
^CXLIV “because” = abur. Related to “pass” in v12:12. From abar (see note LXXXII above). This is for, so that, on account of. Properly, it means crossed.
^CXLV “did” = asah. Same as “execute” in v12:12. See note XC above.