Exodus 8

^I “Lord” = YHVH. From havah (to be, become) or hayah (to come to pass, become, be). This is the name of the God of Israel, the self-existent and eternal one, the tetragrammaton. This pronunciation has been lost to time so “Lord” is generally used in its place.
^II “Moses” = Mosheh. From mashah (to pull out in a literal or figurative sense, to draw out) OR from Egyptian mes or mesu (child, son i.e. child of…). This is Moses – the one drawn out from the water, which is to say, rescued. If derived from the Egyptian, his name would share a root with Rameses and Thutmose.
^III “go” = bo. This is to enter, come in, advance, fulfill, bring offerings, enter to worship, attack. It can also have a sexual connotation.
^IV “Pharaoh” = Paroh. From Egyptian pr (palace, pharaoh; literally house + great). This is Pharaoh, a title for Egyptian kings. See https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pharaoh
^V “people” = am. From amam (to darken, hide, associate; creating shadows by huddling together). This is people or nation. It can be used specifically for a tribe, collectively of troops or armies, or figuratively to refer to a flock of animals.
^VI “let…go” = shalach. This is to send out, away, send for, forsake. It can also mean to divorce or set a slave free.
^VII “worship” = abad. This is to work, serve, or compel. It can describe any kind of work or service (including religious devotion).  Also, till or cultivate. Used causatively, it can mean to enslave or keep in bondage.

^VIII “refuse” = maen. 4x in OT. From maen (to refuse). This is refusing or unwilling.
^IX “let…go” = shalach. Same as “let…go” in v1. See note VI above.
^X {untranslated} = hinneh. From hen (lo! Behold! If, though; an expression of surprise). This is to draw attention, show suddenness or surprise, or to emphasize the importance of the coming statement. See! Lo! Behold!
^XI “plague” = nagaph. This is to strike, beat, hurt, stumble, defeat, inflict disease.
^XII “whole” = kol. From kalal (to complete). This is all or every.
^XIII “country” = gebul. Perhaps from gabal (to border, twist like rope). This is boundary, limit, coast, space. Properly, it is a line that is twisted, which implies a boundary and, by extension, the boundaries of a territory or other enclosed space.
^XIV “frogs” = tsephardea. 13x in OT– used of the second plague of Egypt in Exodus 8 and twice in the Psalms referring to that event. Perhaps from tsaphar (to skip about, maybe to depart) + a word for swamp. This is frog. It is perhaps as one who jumps from a marsh.

^XV “river” = yeor. From Egyptian yeor (river). This is the Nile as the main river in Egypt. It is also used for the Tigris for its similar status in Assyria. It can also more generally mean river, steam, channel, or flood.
^XVI “swarm” = sharats. 14x in OT. This is to swarm, creep, abound, breed a lot, wriggle.
^XVII “come up” = alah + bo. Alah is to go up, approach, ascend, be high, be a priority; to arise in a literal or figurative sense. Bo is the same as “go” in v1. See note III above.
^XVIII “palace” = bayit. Probably from banah (to build, make, set up, obtain children; to build literally or figuratively). This is house, court, family, palace, temple.

^XIX “into your bedchamber” = cheder + mishkab. Cheder is from chadar (to surround or enclose; a room as enclosed; also, by analogy, besieging). This is a chamber or room that is private. Can mean the innermost chamber of a house. Mishkab is from shakab (to lie down, lodge; lying for sleep, sex, or other reasons). This is a place where one lies down i.e. a bed, couch, or bedchamber. It can also be used in an abstract sense to refer to sleep or euphemistically for sex.
^XX “bed” = mittah. From natah (to stretch or spread out, extend, bend). This is a couch or bed that is spread out to sleep on or for eating. It can also refer to a litter or a bier.
^XXI “houses” = bayit. Same as “palace” in v3. See note XVIII above.
^XXII “officials” = ebed. Related to “worship” in v1. From abad (see note VII above). This is a servant, slave, or bondservant.

^XXIII “ovens” = tannur. 15x in OT. From the same as tenuk (ear lobe, pinnacle, extremity); perhaps from the same as anak (plumb line, hook; root may mean to be narrow) OR from ner (properly, to glisten; a lamp, light, burner, candle; light literal or figurative). This is a portable stove, oven, or furnace.
^XXIV “kneading bowls” = mishereth. 4x in OT. Perhaps from shaar (properly, swelling up i.e. being left over; a remnant, remaining, being redundant). This is a trough used to knead or a location where dough is put to rise.
^XXV “come up” = alah. Same as “come up” in v3. See note XVII above.
^XXVI “all” = kol. Same as “whole” in v2. See note XII above.

^XXVII “Aaron” = Aharon. Derivation uncertain. May mean “bearer of martyrs” OR be related to Ancient Egyptian ꜥḥꜣ rw (warrior lion) OR elevated, exalted, high mountain. This is Aaron. See https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Aaron
^XXVIII “stretch out” = natah. Related to “bed” in v3. See note XX above.
^XXIX “hand” = yad. This is hand, ability, power. Hand in a literal sense, but also what one can do or the means by which one does it.
^XXX “staff” = matteh. Related to “bed” in v3 & “stretch out” in v5. From natah (see note XX above). This is a staff, rod, branch, or tribe. It could be a rod for discipline or correction. It could be a scepter to indicate authority, a throwing lance, or a walking staff. Figuratively, it could also be something that supports life (like bread).
^XXXI “rivers” = nahar. From nahar (to flow, sparkle, be cheerful). This is a stream, river, or flood. Particularly used for the Nile or Euphrates. Figuratively, this can mean prosperity.

^XXXII “canals” = yeor. Same as “river” in v3. See note XV above.
^XXXIII “pools” = agam. 9x in OT. This is a marsh, pool, pond, or swamp. Its root may refer to an area that holds standing water. It can also refer to reeds as grow in marshes.
^XXXIV “come up” = alah. Same as “come up” in v3. See note XVII above.
^XXXV “land” = erets. Root may mean to be firm. This is earth, ground, field land, or country.
^XXXVI “Egypt” = Mitsrayim. Perhaps from matsor (besieged or fortified place, bulwark, entrenchment; something hemmed in; a siege or distress or fastness); from tsur (to confine, besiege, to cramp). This is Egypt.
^XXXVII “waters” = mayim. This is water, waters, or waterway in a general sense. Figuratively, it can also mean juice, urine, or semen.
^XXXVIII “came up” = alah. Same as “come up” in v3. See note XVII above.
^XXXIX “covered” = kasah. This is to cover, conceal, overwhelm. It is to cover as clothes do or to hide a secret.

^XL “magicians” = chartom. 11x in OT. From the same as cheret (any kind of tool used for engraving – a stylus, chisel, or pen). This is an engraver or magician. It is someone who knows how to do occult things, so it could be a diviner or someone who does horoscopes. In the Bible, magicians interpret dreams (in Genesis and Daniel) and are also called on in Exodus to disprove or duplicate the miracles of God.
^XLI “did” = asah. This is to make, do, act, appoint, become in many senses.
^XLII “same” = ken. Perhaps from kun (properly, in a perpendicular position; literally, to establish, fix, fasten, prepare; figuratively, it is certainty, to be firm, faithfulness, render sure or prosperous). This is to set upright. Generally used figuratively to mean thus, so, afterwards, rightly so.
^XLIII “secret arts” = lat. 7x in OT. From lut (to wrap, envelop) OR from lat (softly, muffled); {from l (to, for, of) + at (gentleness, charmer) or from la’at (to cover)}. This is mystery, covered, secret arts, incantation.
^XLIV “brought…up” = alah. Same as “come up” in v3. See note XVII above.

^XLV “called” = qara. This is to call or call out – to call someone by name. Also used more broadly for calling forth.
^XLVI “pray” = athar. This is to pray or entreat. It could mean burning incense as one does as part of worship or to intercede. It could also mean listening to or being moved by prayer.
^XLVII “take away” = sur. This is to turn aside in a literal or figurative sense – to depart, decline, rebel, remove, or withdraw.
^XLVIII “let…go” = shalach. Same as “let…go” in v1. See note VI above.
^XLIX “sacrifice” = zabach. This is slaughtering an animal, generally for the purpose of sacrifice. It can mean kill or offer.

^L “kindly tell” = paar. 14x in OT. This is to beautify or adorn, to gleam. Thus, it can refer to showing honor or glorifying someone. It can also mean to boast or to shake a tree for harvest.
^LI “removed” = karat. This is to cut down, cut off, or make a covenant (idiom for making a covenant is “to cut a covenant”). It can also mean to destroy, fail, or consume.
^LII “left” = shaar. Properly, this is swelling up i.e. being left over, a remnant, remaining, being redundant.
^LIII “only” = raq. From the same as raq (thin, surely, only); perhaps from raqaq (to spit). This is but, except, at least. In the sense of being thin, it figuratively refers to some kind of limit.
^LIV “Nile” = Yeor. Same as “river” in v3. See note XV above.

^LV “tomorrow” = machar. Perhaps from achar (to be behind, delay, be late, procrastinate, continue). This is tomorrow or later. It is some kind of deferred time, so it could also mean indefinitely or refer to the time to come.
^LVI “as you say” = dabar. Literally, “according to your word.” From dabar (to speak, declare, discuss). This is speech, a word, a matter, an affair, charge, command, message, promise, purpose, report, request. It is a word, which implies things that are spoken of in a wide sense.
^LVII “know” = yada. This is to know, acknowledge, advise, answer, be aware, be acquainted with. Properly, this is to figure something out by seeing. It includes ideas of observation, recognition, and care about something. It can be used causatively for instruction, designation, and punishment.
^LVIII “God” = Elohim.
^LIX “leave” = sur. Same as “take away” in v8. See note XLVII above.

^LX “went out” = yatsa. This is to go or come out, bring forth, appear. It is to go out in a literal or figurative sense.
^LXI “cried out” = tsaaq. This is to cry out or call together, to shriek. It can mean, by implication, calling for an assembly.
^LXII {untranslated} = dabar. Same as “as you say” in v10. See note LVI above.
^LXIII “brought” = sum. This is to put or place in a literal or figurative sense. It can be appoint, care, change, make, and may other things.
^LXIV {untranslated} = dabar. Same as “as you say” in v10. See note LVI above.
^LXV “died” = mut. This is to die in a literal or figurative sense. It can also refer to being a dead body.
^LXVI “courtyards” = chatser. From chatsar (to blow a trumpet, trumpeter, to surround); from chatsotsrah (trumpet). This is an enclosure or court – a yard that is fenced in. It could also be a village or hamlet that is walled in.
^LXVII “fields” = sadeh. This is literally field, ground, soil, or land. It can be used to mean wild like a wild animal.

^LXVIII “gathered…together” = tsabar. 7x in OT. This is to gather, store, or heap up.
^LXIX “heaps” = chomer + chomer. Literally, “on heaps of heaps.” From chamar (to boil up, ferment, be red befoul, trouble, daub). This is something that bubbles up like sea foam, mire, clay, a heap. It is also cement, mortar and a dry measure.
^LXX “stank” = baash. 18x in OT. This is to stink or be foul. Figuratively, it can refer to offensive behavior – morally odious or loathsome.
^LXXI “saw” = raah. This is to see in a literal or figurative sense so stare, advise, think, view.
^LXXII “was” = hayah. Related to “Lord” in v1. See note I above.
^LXXIII “respite” = revachah. 2x in OT. From ravach (to be large, spacious, to refresh, breathe free). This is relief or breathing.

^LXXIV “hardened” = kabad. To be heavy, weighty, or severe. It can also be positive abounding in, rich, or honorable. The Hebrew word for “glory,” kabod, is taken from this root.
^LXXV “heart” = leb. May be related to labab (to encourage; properly, to be encased as with fat; used in a good sense, this means to transport someone with love; used in a bad sense, it can mean to dull one’s senses). This is the heart, courage, one’s inner self, the mind, or the will. Heart is only used in a figurative sense in the Old and New Testaments.
^LXXVI “listen” = shama. This is to hear, call, consent, or consider. It implies listening intelligently, giving attention, and, because of these two factors, obedience and action are often implied.
^LXXVII “said” = dabar. Related to “as you say” in v10. See note LVI above.

^LXXVIII “strike” = nakah. This is to hit whether lightly or severely. It can be used in a literal or figurative sense. So, this could be beat, punish, give wounds, kill, or slaughter.
^LXXIX “dust” = aphar. May be related to aphar (to throw dust, be dust). This is dust as powdered, perhaps gray colored. It could be ashes, powder, ground, dry earth, clay mud, or rubbish.
^LXXX “earth” = erets. Same as “land” in v5. See note XXXV above.
^LXXXI “become” = hayah. Same as “was” in v15. See note LXXII above.
^LXXXII “gnats” = ken. 6x in OT. Perhaps from kanan (vineyard, to plant); related to kannah (shoot). This is many gnats or lice. It can also mean manner.

^LXXXIII “so” = ken. Same as “same” in v7. See note XLII above.
^LXXXIV “came” = hayah. Same as “was” in v15. See note LXXII above.
^LXXXV “humans” = adam. Perhaps from adam (to be red, make ruddy); related to adamah (ground, dirt, earth). This is man, humankind, also Adam’s name. It refers to a human individual or humanity.
^LXXXVI “animals” = behemah. This is animal or cattle. It is often used of large quadrupeds.
^LXXXVII “turned into” = hayah. Same as “was” in v15. See note LXXII above.

^LXXXVIII “tried” = asah. Same as “did” in v7. See note XLI above.
^LXXXIX {untranslated} = ken. Same as “same” in v7. See note XLII above.
^XC “produce” = yatsa. Same as “went out” in v12. See note LX above.
^XCI “could” = yakol. This is to be able, endure, overcome, prevail.
^XCII “finger” = etsba. Perhaps from the same as tseba (dye, something dipped). This is finger or toe – something used to seize.
^XCIII “hardened” = chazaq. This is to strengthen, seize, be courageous, repair, bind, heal, conquer, harden.

^XCIV “rise early” = shakam. This is leaning one’s shoulder into a burden or load, whether a person or an animal. Thus, it meant starting or rising early.
^XCV “morning” = boqer. From baqar (to seek, plow, break forth, admire, care for). This refers to the break of day. So it is dawn, early, morning, or morrow.
^XCVI “present” = yatsab. This is to set oneself, take a stand, remain, continue, to station or set something in place.
^XCVII “before” = paneh. From panah (to turn, face, appear). This is face in a literal or figurative sense. It could be face, presence, anger, respect. It can also be used of God to indicate divine favor or presence.
^XCVIII “as” = hinneh. Same as {untranslated} in v2. See note X above.
^XCIX “goes out” = yatsa. Same as “went out” in v12. See note LX above.
^C “let…go” = shalach. Same as “let…go” in v1. See note VI above.

^CI “let…go” = shalach. Same as “let…go” in v1. See note VI above.
^CII {untranslated} = hen. Related to {untranslated} in v2. See note X above.
^CIII “send” = shalach. Same as “let…go” in v1. See note VI above.
^CIV “swarms of flies” = arob. 9x in OT– used of the fourth plague of Egypt in Exodus 8 and twice in the Psalms referring to that event. From the same as ereb (mixed company, woof of a cloth, mixture); from arab (to bargain, barter, give or take in pledge; to braid or intermingle). This is a swarm – perhaps of flies or mosquitos.
^CV “Egyptians” = Mitsri. Related to “Egypt” in v5. From the same as Mitsrayim (see note XXXVI above). This is Egyptian.
^CVI “be filled” = male. This is fill, satisfy, replenish, accomplish, fulfill, confirm, or consecrate. It is fill in a literal or figurative sense.
^CVII “land” = adamah. Related to “humans” in v17. From the same as adam (see note LXXXV above). This is ground, earth, soil as red, or land.

^CVIII “day” = yom. Root may mean being hot. This is the day in a literal or figurative sense. It can also mean birth, age, daylight, continually or other references to time.
^CIX “set apart” = palah. 7x in OT. This is to distinguish in a literal or figurative sense. It can also be to sever, set apart, or show self to be marvelous.
^CX “land” = erets. Same as “land” in v5. See note XXXV above.
^CXI “Goshen” = Goshen. 15x in OT. Similar to Arabic j-sh-m (to labor) OR may be related to Egyptian qas (“inundated land”) OR Egyptian pa-qas (“pouring forth”) OR from Gasmu (“rulers of Bedouin Qedarites who occupied the eastern Delta from the 7^th century BC”). This is Goshen. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Goshen

^CXII “live” = amad. This is to stand up in a literal or figurative sense. So it can be establish, continue, endure, take a stand, act, be a servant, stand still, remain, stand against an enemy.
^CXIII “no” = bilti. From balah (to grow old, wear out, consume, waste, enjoy, fail, decay). This is nothing, not, lest, or except. From its root, it means “a failure of” – used for negative particles.
^CXIV “in” = qereb. Perhaps from qarab (to come near or approach). This is among, in the midst, before, the center It is the inward part, whether literal or figurative. It can also be used for the heart, the site of thoughts and feelings. This word is also used as a technical term for the entrails of the animals who are sacrificed.
^CXV “land” = erets. Same as “land” in v5. See note XXXV above.

^CXVI “make” = sum. Same as “brought” in v12. See note LXIII above.
^CXVII “distinction” = peduth. 4x in OT. From padah (to sever, to ransom; to secure someone’s release by paying their debt freeing them from slavery); to redeem, rescue, deliver, preserve; the redemption price). This is redemption, ransom, division.
^CXVIII “between” = bayin. From bin (to discern, consider, attend to; distinguishing things in one’s mind or, more generally, to understand). This is among, between, interval.
^CXIX “sign” = oth. From avah (to mark, sign, point out); OR from uth (to agree). This is a sign in a literal or figurative sense. It could be a flag or monument. It could be evidence or a mark. It could also be an omen or a miracle. 
^CXX “appear” = hayah. Same as “was” in v15. See note LXXII above.

^CXXI “great” = kabed. Related to “hardened” in v15. From kabad (see note LXXIV above). This is heavy, grievous, sore. It can also be weighty in the sense of gravitas. The word for “glory” in Hebrew comes from this root (kabod).
^CXXII “came” = bo. Same as “go” in v1. See note III above.
^CXXIII “land” = erets. Same as “land” in v5. See note XXXV above.
^CXXIV “ruined” = shachat. This is to go to ruin, perish, decay, batter, cast off, lose, one who destroys. This can be used in a literal or figurative sense.
^CXXV “because of” = paneh. Same as “before” in v20. See note XCVII above.
^CXXVI “summoned” = qara. Same as “called” in v8. See note XLV above.
^CXXVII “go” = halak. This is go, come, walk. It is walk literally and figuratively and includes people and animals. It can be used figuratively for one’s moral life – how we walk according to God’s way or against it. It can also refer to the walk of life as in the course one’s life takes, the choices we make, etc.
^CXXVIII “land” = erets. Same as “land” in v5. See note XXXV above.

^CXXIX “be right” = kun. Related to “same” in v7. See note XLII above.
^CXXX “offer” = zabach. Same as “sacrifice” in v8. See note XLIX above.
^CXXXI “offensive” = toebah. Perhaps from ta’ab (to abhor or morally detest). This is something that instills one with moral contempt or disgust. It can mean abhorrence and is often in reference to idolatry or idols.
^CXXXII {untranslated} = hen. Same as {untranslated} in v8. See note CII above.
^CXXXIII “sight” = ayin. This is eye in a literal or figurative sense so eye, appearance, favor, or a fountain (the eye of the landscape).
^CXXXIV “stone” = saqal. Properly, this means being weighty. However, it is used for stoning someone (to death) or for removing stones.

^CXXXV “go” = halak. Same as “go” in v25. See note CXXVII above.
^CXXXVI “three” = shalosh. This is three, fork, three times.
^CXXXVII “journey” = derek. From darak (to tread, march, to walk. Can also mean affixing a string to a box since one needs to step on it to bend it in the process; so also an archer). This is a road as a thing that is walked on. Can be used figuratively for the path that one’s life takes or how one chooses to live one’s life.
^CXXXVIII “wilderness” = midbar. Related to “as you say” in v10 & “said” in v15. From dabar (see note LVI above). This is mouth or speech. It can also be desert or wilderness. Additionally, it can be used for a pasture to which one drives cattle.

^CXXXIX “let…go” = shalach. Same as “let…go” in v1. See note VI above.
^CXL “provided” = raq. Same as “only” in v9. See note LIII above.
^CXLI “go” = halak. Same as “go” in v25. See note CXXVII above.
^CXLII “very far away” = rachaq…rachaq, This is to widen, become distant, cast, or remove. It can be in a literal or figurative sense. The word is repeated twice – the first time as an Infinitive Absolute. The Infinitive Absolute serves to emphasize the sentiment of the word. It is rather like Foghorn Leghorn’s speech pattern, “I said, I said.”

^CXLIII “as soon as” = hinneh. Same as {untranslated} in v2. See note X above.
^CXLIV “leave” = yatsa. Same as “went out” in v12. See note LX above.
^CXLV “depart” = sur. Same as “take away” in v8. See note XLVII above.
^CXLVI “let…again” = yasaph. This is to add, increase, continue, exceed.
^CXLVII “deal falsely” = hathal. 10x in OT. This is to mock, deceive, or conduct business in a dubious fashion. It implies cheating.
^CXLVIII “not” = bilti. Same as “no” in v22. See note CXIII above.
^CXLIX “letting…go” = shalach. Same as “let…go” in v1. See note VI above.

^CL “went out” = yatsa. Same as “went out” in v12. See note LX above.
^CLI “as Moses asked” = dabar + Mosheh. Literally, “according to the word of Moses.” Dabar is the same as “as you say” in v10. See note LVI above.
^CLII “removed” = sur. Same as “take away” in v8. See note XLVII above.
^CLIII “one” = echad. Perhaps from achad (to unify, continue on a path; figuratively, to gather one’s thoughts). This is the number one, first, united. It can also be alone, altogether, a certain, a few.
^CLIV “remained” = shaar. Same as “left” in v9. See note LII above.
^CLV “hardened” = kabad. Same as “hardened” in v15. See note LXXIV above.
^CLVI “time” = paam. From paam (to move, trouble; to tap in a regular rhythm; to agitate). This is a beat, stroke, footstep, or occurrence.
^CLVII “let…go” = shalach. Same as “let…go” in v1. See note VI above.