Hebrews 13:1-8, 15-16
Ordinary C40
1 Let mutual affectionA continue.B 2 Do not neglectC to show hospitality to strangers,D
A “mutual affection” = philadelphia. 6x in NT. From philadelphos (brotherly love; fraternal); {from philos (dear, beloved, a friend, an associate; friendship with personal affection, a trusted confidante; love from personal experience with another person) + adelphos (brother in a literal or figurative sense); {{from a (with, sharing) + delphus (womb)}}. This is literally brotherly love – figuratively love of members of the Christian community.
B “continue” = meno. This is to stay, remain, wait, await, continue, abide, endure. It can mean to literally stay in a place or to remain in a condition or to continue with hope and expectation.
C “neglect” = epilanthanomai. 8x in NT. From epi (on, upon, against, what is fitting) + lanthano (concealed, hidden, unnoticed; to shut one’s eyes to, unwittingly, unawares). This is to overlook, forget, neglect. It can particularly refer to the impact of not noticing something.
D “hospitality to strangers” = philoxenia. Related to “mutual affection” in v1. 2x in NT. From philoxenos (literally, fond of or loving strangers; hospitable, generous); {from philos (see note A above) + xenos (foreign or foreigner, an alien or guest; also something new, novel, or strange)}. This is love of strangers, hospitality, generosity in opening one’s home.
for by doing that some have entertainedE angelsF without knowingG it.
E “entertained” = xenizo. Related to “hospitality” in v2. 10x in NT. From xenos (see note D above). This is to receive as a guest or act as a host – to give or receive lodging. It could also be surprise, bewilder, or entertain. Also, it can be to think something it strange.
F “angels” = aggelos. Probably from ago (to lead, bring, carry, guide) + agele (flock, herd, drove); {also from ago (see above)}. This is angel or messenger. Properly, it is one sent with news or to perform a specific task. This messenger can be human or an angel from heaven. More commonly, it is used for angels in the New Testament.
G “without knowing” = lanthano. Related to “neglect” in v2. 6x in NT. See note C above.
3 RememberH those who are in prison,I as though you were in prison withJ them,
H “remember” = mimnesko. Related to “continue” in v1. From mnaomai (to remember; by implication give reward or consequence); perhaps from meno (see note B above). This is to remind or remember. It is memory through an active, intentional process or being mindful of. It is not incidentally or accidentally remembering.
I “who are in prison” = desmios. 17x in NT. From desomon (a chain, bond, impediment; being in jail, a ligament); from deo (to tie, bind, fasten, impel, compel; to declare something against the law or prohibited). This is a binding or one who is bound. So, it can be a prisoner or captive.
J “were in prison with” = sundeo. Related to “who are in prison” in v3. 1x in NT. From sun (with, together with) + deo (see note I above). This is bound together. It is generally used of chained prisoners. It can also be figurative.
those who are being tortured,K as though you yourselves were beingL tortured.M
K “being tortured” = kakoucheo. 2x in NT. From kakos (bad, evil, harm, ill; evil that is part of someone’s core character – intrinsic, rotted, worthless, depraved, causing harm; deep inner malice that comes from a rotten character; can be contrasted with the Greek poneros, which is that which bears pain – a focus on the miseries and pains that come with evil; also contrasting the Greek sapros, which deals with falling away from a previously embodied virtue) + echo (to have, hold, possess). This is to mistreat or treat in an evil way.
L “being” = eimi. This is to be, exist.
M “tortured” = en + soma. Literally, “in body.” Soma is perhaps from sozo (to save, heal, rescue); from sos (safe, well, rescued). This is body or flesh. It can be body in a literal or figurative sense (as the body of Christ). This is where the word “somatic” comes from.
4 Let marriageN be held in honorO by all,P and let the marriage bedQ be kept undefiled,R
N “marriage” = gamos. 16x in NT. This is a wedding, whether the ceremony, the feast, or the marriage itself.
O “held in honor” = timios. 13x in NT. From time (worth or something’s perceived value; literally, price, but figuratively, the honor or value one sees in someone or something else; also esteem or dignity; also precious or valuables); {From tino (to pay, be punished, pay a penalty or fine because of a crime); from tio (to pay respect, value)}. This is valued, precious, respected, or dear. It is something that holds value.
P “all” = pas. This is all or every.
Q “marriage bed” = koite. 4x in NT. From keimai (to lie, recline, be set, appointed, destined; to lie down literally or figuratively). This is a bad, which can imply living together with someone. By extension, it can refer to promiscuity or sperm.
R “undefiled” = amiantos. 4x in NT. From a (not, without) + miaino (to stain, corrupt, pollute; literally, to stain or dye; figuratively, to defile as sin taints one; to contaminate ritually or morally). This is undefiled, unstained, unsoiled. Figuratively, this means pure.
for GodS will judgeT the sexually immoralU and adulterers.V
S “God” = Theos. From Proto-Indo-European origins, meaning do, put, place. This is God or a god in general.
T “judge” = krino. To judge, decide, think good, condemn, determine, pass judgment, stand trial, sue. This is judging whether it is done in court or in a private setting. Properly, it refers to mentally separating or distinguishing an issue – to come to a choice or decision, to judge positively or negatively in seeking what is right or wrong, who is innocent or guilty. It can imply trying, condemning, punishing, or avenging.
U “sexually immoral” = pornos. 10x in NT. Perhaps from pernemi (to sell off or export); related to piprasko (to sell with travel involved; to sell into slavery; to be devoted to); from perao (to travel); from peran (over, beyond). This is fornicator or immoral person or male prostitute. It could also refer to someone who was debaucherous more broadly.
V “adulterers” = moichos. 3x in NT. This is adulterer; a man who has been with a married woman. Figuratively, an apostate.
5 Keep your livesW free from the love of money,X and be contentY
W “lives” = tropos. 13x in NT. From the same as trope (turning, change, shifting); from trepo (to turn). This is turning and taking on a new direction or manner. It can refer to way, fashion, style, or character. This is where the word “trope” comes from.
X “free from the love of money” = aphilarguros. Related to “mutual affection” in v1 & “hospitality” in v2. 2x in NT. From a (not, without) + philarguros (loving money, greedy); {from philos (see note A above) + arguros (silver, whether the metal itself or things made from silver); {from argos (shining)}}. This is not greedy or materialistic.
Y “be content” = arkeo. 8x in NT. This is to be content or satisfied. It can also mean to ward off.
with what you have,Z for he himself has said, “I will never leaveAA you or forsakeBB you.”
Z “have” = pareimi. Related to “being” in v3. From para (from beside, by, in the presence of) + eimi (see note L above). This is to be near, to be there, to come.
AA “leave” = aniemi. 4x in NT. From ana (up, again, back, anew) + hiemi (to send). This is to let go, loosen, send up, refrain from, abandon, loosen, leave.
BB “forsake” = egkataleipo. From en (in, on, at, by, with) + kataleipo (to leave or leave behind, abandon, forsake, leave in reserve); {from kata (down, against, throughout, among) + leipo (to leave behind, remain, lack, abandon, fall behind while racing)}. This is left behind, left as a remainder, desert, forsake. Properly, it means to leave someone or something wanting or lacking – so, to forsake or cause someone to be helpless in a serious scenario.
6 So we can sayCC with confidence,DD
“The LordEE is my helper;FF
CC “say” = lego. This is to speak, say, name, call, command. It is generally to convey verbally.
DD “with confidence” = tharreo. 6x in NT– 5x in 2 Corinthians and 1x in Hebrews. From tharseo (to have courage or good cheer, to be bold or confident); from tharsos (courage, confidence, boldness); from thrasus (bold, daring). This is to have courage, confidence, or good cheer.
EE “Lord” = Kurios. From kuros (authority, supremacy). This is a respectful address meaning master or sir. It refers to one who has control or power greater than one’s own. So, it was also applied to God and Jesus as Master or Lord.
FF “helper” = boethos. 1x in NT. From boetheo (to help, come to the rescue; this is running to assist with an urgent call for help; originally came from military language); from boethos (helper who responds to an urgent need); {from boe (cry call for help; this is onomatopoeia – mean to sound like an emotional cry for help); {from boao (to shout, summon, proclaim; call for urgent help)} + theo (to run)}. This is a helper.
I will not be afraid.GG
What can anyoneHH doII to me?”
GG “be afraid” = phobeo. From phobos (panic flight, fear, fear being caused, terror, alarm, that which causes fear, reverence, respect); from phebomai (to flee, withdraw, be put to flight). This is also to put to flight, terrify, frighten, dread, reverence, to withdraw or avoid. It is sometimes used in a positive sense to mean the fear of the Lord, echoing Old Testament language. More commonly, it is fear of following God’s path. This is where the word phobia comes from.
HH “anyone” = anthropos. Probably from aner (man, male, husband) + ops (eye, face); {from optanomai (to appear, be seen); perhaps from horao (become, seem, appear)}. This is human, humankind. Used for all genders.
II “do” = poieo. This is to make, do, act, construct, abide, or cause.
7 RememberJJ your leaders,KK those who spoke the wordLL of God to you;
JJ “remember” = mnemoneuo. Related to “continue” in v1 & “remember” in v3. From mnemon (mindful) OR from mneme (memory or mention); {from mnaomai (see note H above) or mimnesko (see note H above); or form meno (see note B above) or from massaomai (to chew, gnaw); from masso (to knead, squeeze)}. This is to remember, recollect. It does not necessarily imply remembering something that you forgot – it could be simply calling something to mind. It can mean to punish or rehearse.
KK “leaders” = hegeomai. Related to “angels” in v2. From ago (see note F above). This is to think, suppose, have an opinion. It is to lead the way, what comes in front or first, initial thought, high esteem or authority. It can refer to one who commands in an official capacity. This word shares a root with the word “hegemony.”
LL “word” = logos. Related to “say” in v6. From lego (see note CC above). This is word, statement, speech, analogy. It is a word that carries an idea or expresses a thought, a saying. It could refer to a person with a message or reasoning laid out in words. By implication, this could be a topic, line of reasoning, or a motive. It can be used for a divine utterance or as Word – Christ.
considerMM the outcomeNN of their way of life,OO and imitatePP their faith.QQ
MM “consider” = anatheoreo. 2x in NT. From ana (up, again, back, among, anew) + theoreo (gazing, beholding, experiencing, discerning; looking at something to analyze it and concentrate on what it means); {from theaomai (to behold, look upon, see, contemplate, visit); from thaomai (to gaze at a spectacle; to look at or contemplate as a spectator; to interpret something in efforts to grasp its significance); from theoros (a spectator or envoy)}. This is to gaze at, examine, behold with care or attention. This is to thoroughly consider, dote, pay attention to grasp something more fully.
NN “outcome” = ekbasis. 3x in NT. From ekbaino (to throw, banish, produce, eject); {from ek (from, from out of) + baino (to walk, go)}. This is a way out, outcome, departure, or left behind. It is an exit in a literal or a figurative sense.
OO “way of life” = anastrophe. 13x in NT. From anastrepho (to turn back, return, or overturn; can also imply busying oneself and so to remain, dwell, behave, or live somewhere); {from ana (up, again, back, among, anew) + strepho (to turn, change, turn back, be converted; to turn around completely to take the opposite path or a completely different one); {from trope (turning, shifting, a revolution; figuratively, a variation); from trepo (to turn)}. This is behavior, conduct, life, or manner of life. It is behavior drawn from core beliefs.
PP “imitate” = mimeomai. 4x in NT. From mimos (a mimic). This is to imitate or follow an example.
QQ “faith” = pistis. From peitho (to have confidence, urge, be persuaded, agree, assure, believe, have confidence, trust). This is less about knowing, believing, and repeating a list of doctrines then it is about trusting God. Faith means listening to God and seeking to live a holy life even (and especially) when we don’t understand how everything works or fits together. Faith is about being faithful (trusting and doing) rather than being all knowing.
8 JesusRR ChristSS is the same yesterday and todayTT and forever.UU
RR “Jesus” = Iesous. From Hebrew Yehoshua (Joshua, the Lord is salvation); {from YHVH (proper name of the God of Israel; the self-existent and eternal one); {from havah (to become) or from hayah (to come to pass, become, be)} + yasha (to deliver, defend, help, preserve, rescue; properly, to be open, wide or free, which implies being safe. So, in a causative sense, this is to free someone)}. This is Jesus or Joshua in Greek – the Lord saves or the Lord is salvation.
SS “Christ” = Christos. From chrio (consecrate by anointing with oil; often done for prophets, priests, or kings). Literally, the anointed one, Christ. The Greek word for Messiah.
TT “today” = semeron. From hemera (day, time, daybreak); perhaps from hemai (to sit). This is today, now, at present.
UU “forever” = eis + ho + aion. Literally, “to the age.” Aion is from the same as aei (ever, always, unceasingly, perpetually; on every occasion). This is an age, cycle of time, course, continued duration. It is also used to describe the eternal or forever. This is the word used to discuss the present age or the messianic age.
15 Through him, then, let us continuallyVV offerWW a sacrificeXX of praiseYY to God,
VV “continually” = dia + pas. Literally, “through everything.” Pas is the same as “all” in v4. See note P above.
WW “offer” = anaphero. 10x in NT. From ana (up, back, among, again, anew) + phero (to bear, bring, lead, make known publicly; to carry in a literal or figurative sense). This is to carry or lead up as to a goal or particular destination. It can also be used for offering a sacrifice.
XX “sacrifice” = thusia. From thuo (to breathe violently, seethe, rage; properly, to rush as breathing heavy; so smoke as in offering an animal sacrifice by fire; by extension, killing or slaying in general). This is a sacrifice or offering. It can refer to the act of sacrifice or the thig being sacrificed. Also, this is sacrifice in a literal or figurative sense.
YY “praise” = ainesis. 1x in NT. From aineo (to praise, praise God); from aionos (praise, saying, story, proverb). This is praise, commendation, or a thank offering.
that is, the fruitZZ of lipsAAA that confessBBB his name.CCC
ZZ “fruit” = karpos. Perhaps from harpazo (to seize by force, snatch away); from haireo (to choose, take). This is a fruit or vegetable, through sometimes it refers to an animal. Figuratively, it is deeds, results, profits, or gain.
AAA “lips” = cheilos. 7x in NT. Perhaps from the same as chasma (chasm, gap, gulf); from chasko (to yawn); from chao (to gape, yawn). This is lip, edge, shore, mouth, language.
BBB “confess” = homologeo. Related to “say” in v6 & “word” in v7. From homologos (of one mind); {from homos (the same) + lego (see note CC above)}. This is to agree, speak the same, declare, promise, praise, celebrate. It can mean to align with, express the same conclusion, endorse.
CCC “name” = onoma. May be from ginosko (know, recognize, learn from firsthand experience). This is a name, authority, cause, character, fame, reputation. The name was thought to include something of the essence of the person so it was not thought to be separate from the person.
16 Do not neglect to do goodDDD and to shareEEE what you have, for such sacrifices are pleasingFFF to God.
DDD “do good” = eupoiia. Related to “do” in v6. 1x in NT. From eu (good, well, well done); {from eus (good)} + poieo (see note II above). This is doing good or beneficence.
EEE “share” = koinonia. 19x in NT. From koinonos (partner, companion, partaker, sharer); From koinos (common, shared, unclean, ritually profane); probably from sun (with, together with). This is sharing in common so it is fellowship, participation, communion, and aid that comes from the community.
FFF “are pleasing” = euaresteo. Related to “do good” in v16. 3x in NT. From euarestos (literally well-pleasing – often used of something that is pleasing or acceptable to God); {from eu (see note DDD above) + aresko (to please or be agreeable; implies voluntarily serving others, satisfying others, or making good to win their favor or approval; often used for moral agreement; being agreeable or trying to be agreeable); {perhaps from airo (raise, take up, lift, remove)}}. This is to please, gratify.
Image credit: “Orchid Angel” by Rick Bolin, 2020.