Judges 1

^I {untranslated} = hayah. This is to be or become, to happen.
^II “after” = achar. From achar (to remain behind, linger, continue, be behind, or delay; can also imply procrastination). This is after or the last part, following.
^III “death” = mavet. From muth (to die in a literal or figurative sense). This can be death, deadliness, the dead, or the place where the dead go. It can be used figuratively for pestilence or ruin.
^IV “Joshua” = Yehoshua. Related to {untranslated} in v1. From YHVH (proper name of the God of Israel; the self-existent and eternal one); {from havah (to become) or from hayah (see note I above)} + yasha (to deliver, defend, help, preserve, rescue; properly, to be open, wide or free, which implies being safe. So, in a causative sense, this is to free someone). This is Joshua, Jeshua, or Yehoshua, which means “the Lord is salvation.”

^V “Israelites” = ben + Yisrael. Literally, “children of Israel.’ Ben is from banah (to build or obtain children). This is son, age, child. It is son in a literal or figurative sense. Yisrael is from sarah (to persist, exert oneself, contend, persevere, wrestle, prevail) + El (God or god). This is Israel, meaning God strives or one who strives with God; new name for Jacob and for his offspring. This refers to the people and to the land.
^VI “inquired” = shaal. This is to ask, inquire, beg, borrow, desire, request. It can also mean to demand.
^VII “Lord” = YHVH. Related to {untranslated} and “Joshua” in v1. See note IV above.
^VIII {untranslated} = amar. This is to speak, say, answer, command, promise, report.

^IX “go up” = alah. This is to go up, approach, ascend, be high, be a priority; to arise in a literal or figurative sense.
^X “first” = techillah. From chalal (to pierce, which implies to wound; used figuratively for making someone or something profane or breaking your word; to begin as though one opened a wedge; to eat something as a common thing). This is beginning, first, previously.
^XI “Canaanites” = Knaani. From Kanaan (Canaan, his descendants, and the land where they settled; perhaps meaning lowlands, describing their land or subjugated in reference to being conquered by Egypt); from kana (to be humble, subdue; properly, bend the knee). This is Canaanite, which in some instances would imply a peddler or sometimes used in place of Ishmaelite. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan
^XII “fight” = lacham. This is to eat or feed on. Figuratively, it is to battle as a kind of consumption/destruction.

^XIII “said” = amar. Same as {untranslated} in v1. See note VIII above.
^XIV “Judah” = Yehudah. Probably from yadah (to throw one’s hands into the air in a gesture of praise); from yad (hand). This is Judah, meaning “praised.”
^XV “hereby” = hinneh. From hen (lo! Behold! If, though; an expression of surprise). This is to draw attention, show suddenness or surprise, or to emphasize the importance of the coming statement. See! Lo! Behold!
^XVI “give” = natan. This is to give, put, set, offer. It is to give literally or figuratively.
^XVII “land” = erets. Root may mean to be firm. This is earth, ground, field land, or country.
^XVIII “hand” = yad. This is hand, ability, power. Hand in a literal sense, but also what one can do or the means by which one does it.

^XIX “brother” = ach. This is brother, kindred, another, other, like. It is literally brother, but it can also be someone who is similar, resembling, or related to.
^XX “Simeon” = Shimon. From shama (to hear, often implying attention and obedience). This is Simeon, Symeon, or Simon. It is a personal name as well as the tribe Simeon. It means “he who hears.”
^XXI “come up” = alah. Same as “go up” in v1. See note IX above.
^XXII “territory allotted” = goral. Root may mean to be rough like a stone. A lot was probably a small pebble used to determine one’s portion or what one should do (the will of a god or one’s destiny).

^XXIII “too” = gam. This is also, moreover, again.
^XXIV “go” = halak. This is go, come, walk. It is walk literally and figuratively and includes people and animals. It can be used figuratively for one’s moral life – how we walk according to God’s way or against it. It can also refer to the walk of life as in the course one’s life takes, the choices we make, etc.
^XXV “Perizzites” = Perizzi. Perhaps from perazi (rural area, unwalled land); from the same as perazah (rural, village without walls, open country); from the same as paraz (root may mean to separate; perhaps warriors, chieftan, or throng). This is Perizzite, perhaps meaning rural or wild one.
^XXVI “defeated” = nakah. This is to hit whether lightly or severely. It can be used in a literal or figurative sense. So, this could be beat, punish, give wounds, kill, or slaughter.

^XXVII “ten” = eser. Perhaps from asar (to tithe, render a tenth of). This is ten or -teen. While 7 is symbolically the number of perfection, ten is also symbolically a number of perfection (but to a lesser degree than 7 is).
^XXVIII “thousand” = eleph. Perhaps from the same as eleph (herd, cattle); from alaph (to learn, speak, associate with). This is thousand.
^XXIX “them” = ish. Perhaps from enosh (human, humankind, mortal); from anash (to be weak, sick, or frail). This is man, husband, another, or humankind.
^XXX “Bezek” = Bezeq. 3x in OT – 2x in Judges & 1x in 1 Samuel. From the same as bazaq (lightning flash). This is Bezek, a place whose name means “lighting” or “flash of lighting” or “scattering.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Bezek.html

^XXXI “came upon” = matsa. This is to find, catch or acquire. It can also mean to come forth or appear. Figuratively, this can mean to meet or be together with.
^XXXII “Adoni-bezek” = Adoni-bezeq. Related to “Bezek” in v4. 3x in OT – all in Judges. From adon (lord, master, owner) + Bezeq (see note XXX above). This is Adoni-bezek, a name that means “lord of Bezek” or “lord of the lightning bolt” or “lord of scattering.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Bezek.html & https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Adoni-bezek.html
^XXXIII “fled” = nus. This is to flee, vanish away, hide, escape, be displayed.
^XXXIV “pursued” = radaph + achar. Radaph is to chase after, pursue, hunt, or persecute. It is running after someone or something, generally with hostile motives. Achar is the same as “after” in v1. See note II above.

^XXXV “caught” = achaz. This is to grasp, catch, seize, take and hold in possession. It can also be to be afraid or hold back.
^XXXVI “cut off” = qatsats. 14x in OT. This is to cut or chop off in a literal or figurative sense. It can also be to cut in pieces.
^XXXVII “thumbs and big toes” = bohen + yad + regel. Bohen is 16x in OT. May come from a root referring to thickness. This is a thumb or big toe. Yad is the same as “hand” in v2. See note XVIII above. Regel is foot, endurance, or journey. It is a foot as the means of walking and so it implies a step or a greater journey. It can be used euphemistically for private parts.

^XXXVIII “seventy” = shibim. From sheba (seven – the number of perfection/sacred fullness). This is seventy.
^XXXIX “kings” = melek. From malak (to be or become king or queen, to rise to the throne, to be crowned; by implication, to take counsel). This is king or royal.
^XL “used to” = hayah. Same as {untranslated} in v1. See note I above.
^XLI “pick up scraps” = laqat. This is to pick up, glean, gather.
^XLII “under” = tachat. This is underneath, below, the bottom, instead of.
^XLIII “table” = shulchan. Perhaps from shalach (to send, send for, forsake). This is a table or meal.

^XLIV “done” = asah. This is to make, do, act, appoint, become in many senses.
^XLV“so” = ken. Perhaps from kun (properly, in a perpendicular position; literally, to establish, fix, fasten, prepare; figuratively, it is certainty, to be firm, faithfulness, render sure or prosperous). This is to set upright. Generally used figuratively to mean thus, so, afterwards, rightly so.
^XLVI “God” = Elohim. Related to “Israelites” in v1. See note V above.
^XLVII “paid…back” = shalam. This is to be complete or sound – to have safety mentally, physically, or extending to one’s estate. So, if these things are safe and complete, the implication is that one would be friendly; and, if being friendly, one would make amends and that friendship would be reciprocated. This is the root verb that “shalom” comes from, the Hebrew word for peace.

^XLVIII “brought” = bo. This is to enter, come in, advance, fulfill, bring offerings, enter to worship, attack. It can also have a sexual connotation.
^XLIX “Jerusalem” = Yerushalaim. Related to “paid…back” in v7. From yarah (to throw, shoot, be stunned; to flow as water so figuratively to instruct or teach) + shalam (see note XLVII above). This is Jerusalem, dwelling of peace.
^L “died” = mut. Related to “death” in v1. See note III above.
^LI “people” = ben. Same as “Israelites” in v1. See note V above.
^LII “took” = lakad. This is to capture, seize, or imprison. It is to catch something in a snare or net or trap. It can also mean to occupy of select something by casting lots.

^LIII “put” = nakah. Same as “defeated” in v4. See note XXVI above.
^LIV {untranslated} = peh. This is mouth in a literal or figurative sense. So, more literally, it can be beak or jaws. More figuratively, it refers to speech, commands, or promises.
^LV “sword” = chereb. From charab (to attack, slay). This is any sharp instrument like a sword, dagger, axe, or mattock.
^LVI “set” = shalach. Related to “table” in v7. See note XLIII above.
^LVII “city” = iyr. From uwr (to awaken or wake oneself up). This can mean excitement in the sense of wakefulness or city. Properly, this is a place that is guarded. Guards kept schedules according to watches. This sense of the word would include cities as well as encampments or posts that were guarded.
^LVIII “fire” = esh. This is fire, burning, flaming, hot. It is fire in a literal or figurative sense.

^LIX “afterward” = achar. Same as “after” in v1. See note II above.
^LX “went down” = yarad. This is to go down, descend; going down in a literal or figurative sense. It can be going to the shore or a boundary, bringing down an enemy.
^LXI “lived” = yashab. This is to sit and so to remain and so to dwell. It is sitting for any reason – as a judge, in order to ambush, or just sitting quietly. Causatively, this can mean settling or marrying. This can also mean continue, endure, or establish.
^LXII “hill country” = har. From harar (hill or mountain). This is mountain, hill, hilly region.
^LXIII “Negeb” = Negeb. Root may mean to be parched. The Negeb is the south country – sometimes used to refer to Egypt. This is a land that suffers from a lot of drought.
^LXIV “lowland” = shephelah. From shaphel (to be low, sink, be cast down, put down, humble, or humiliate). This is Shephelah, the name of a place. It means “lowland.”

^LXV “Hebron” = Chebron. From cheber (company, society, enchantment, wide); from chabar (to unite, ally, attach, touch; to join in a literal or figurative sense; also, specially, using magic knots or spells to fascinate or connect). This is Hebron, meaning “seat of association” or “league.”
^LXVI “name” = shem. May be from sum (to put, place, set). This is name, fame, renown. A name was thought to indicate something essential about a person – something about their individuality. So, this word can also mean honor, authority, or character.
^LXVII “formerly” = paneh. From panah (to turn, face, appear). This is face in a literal or figurative sense. It could be face, presence, anger, respect. It can also be used of God to indicate divine favor or presence.
^LXVIII “Kiriath-arba” = Qiryath arba. 9x in OT. From qiryah (city, building); from qarah (to happen, meet, bring about)} + arba (four); {from raba (to make square or be four-sided); perhaps from raba (to lie down flat; can be to lie for mating)}. This is Kiriath-arba, meaning “city of the four” or “four-fold city.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Kiriath-arba.html

^LXIX “Sheshai” = Sheshay. 3x in OT. Perhaps from Shashay (Shashai or Shashai, meaning “whitish”); perhaps from shesh (byssus flax, a bleached fabric, white linen; figuratively, marble). This is Sheshai or Sheshay, meaning “whitish.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Sheshai.html
^LXX “Ahiman” = Achiman. Related to “brother” in v3. 4x in OT. From the same as ach (see note XIX above) OR from ach (see above) + min (from, from out of, more than). This is Ahiman or Achiman, meaning “brother of a portion” or “gift” or “my brother is a gift” or “who is my brother?’ See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Ahiman.html
^LXXI “Talmai” = Talmay. 6x in OT. From the same as telem (furrow or ridge; root may mean to accumulate). This is Talmai or Talmay, meaning “plowman” or “ridged.”

^LXXII “inhabitants” = yashab. Same as “lived” in v9. See note LXI above.
^LXXIII “Debir” = Debir. 14x in OT– 11x in Joshua & 2x in Judges & 1x in 1 Chronicles. From the same as debir (maybe a place of speaking like an oracle; the inner sanctuary of Solomon’s Temple); perhaps from dabar (to speak, declare, discuss). This is Debir, a name and city that means “place of the word” or “oracle.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Debir.html
^LXXIV “Kiriath-sepher” = Qiryath sepher. Related to “Kiriath-arba” in v10. 5x in OT– 3x in Joshua & 2x in Judges. From qiryah (see note LXVIII  above) + sepher (writing itself or something that is written like a document, book, letter, evidence, bill, scroll, or register); {from saphar (to tally or record something; to enumerate, recount, number, celebrate, or declare)}. This is Kiriath-sepher, a city whose name means “city of writing” or “city of a book” or “record city” or “scribe town.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Kiriath-sepher.html

^LXXV “Caleb” = Kaleb. From the same as keleb (a dog, male prostitute; perhaps from a word meaning to yelp or attack). This is Caleb or Kaleb, meaning “dog” or “unsophisticated servant.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Caleb.html
^LXXVI “attacks” = nakah. Same as “defeated” in v4. See note XXVI above.
^LXXVII “daughter” = bat. Related to “Israelites” in v1. From ben (see note V above). This is daughter in a literal or figurative sense.
^LXXVIII “Achsah” = Aksah. 5x in OT. From the same as ekes (fetter, anklet, bangle); from akas (to rattle, tinkle, tie, wear an anklet). This is Achsah, a name meaning “anklet.”
^LXXIX “wife” = ishshah. Related to “them” in v4. From ish (see note XXIX above). This is woman, wife, or female.

^LXXX “Othniel” = Othniel. Related to “Israelites” in v1 & “God” in v7. 7x in OT. From Othni (Othni – a name that may come from a word meaning to force; the name may mean “forcible”); {from atham (to glow, burn, get dark; figuratively, be desolated)} + El (see note V above). This is Othniel, a name that means “hero in Israel” or “force of God” or “lion of El.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Othniel.html
^LXXXI “son” = ben. Same as “Israelites” in v1. See note V above.
^LXXXII “Kenaz” = Qenaz.11x in OT. Perhaps from qanaz (to hunt, set a trap). This is Kenaz. It may mean “hunting” or “hunter.”
^LXXXIII “younger” = qatan. From quwt (grieved, cut off, to detest). This is least, small, young, little one. It is literally smaller whether in amount or size. Figuratively it is smaller in the sense of younger or less important.

^LXXXIV {untranslated} = hayah. Same as {untranslated} in v1. See note I above.
^LXXXV “came” = bo. Same as “brought” in v7. See note XLVIII above.
^LXXXVI “urged” = suth. 18x in OT. Perhaps from shayith (a thorn-bush or thorn; some kind of wild growth); perhaps from shith (to place, set, bring, appoint, consider, bring, array or look). This is to incite, induce, persuade, provoke, mislead, remove. It could be from the root in the sense of being pricked or agitated. It can imply being seduced.
^LXXXVII “ask” = shaal. Same as “inquired” in v1. See note VI above.
^LXXXVIII “father” = ab. This is father, chief, or ancestor. It is father in a literal or figurative sense.

^LXXXIX “field” = sadeh. From the same as shadday (almighty, field, land); from shadad (to devastate, ruin, destroy, oppress, be powerful). Or, it may be from a word that means to spread out. This is field, ground, soil, or land. It can be used to mean wild as in a wild animal.
^XC “dismounted” = tsanach. 3x in OT– 1x in Joshua & 2x in Judges. This is to go down, fasten, drive down.
^XCI “donkey” = chamor. From chamar (to be red, blush). This is a male donkey.
^XCII “give” = yahab. This is give, put, bring, take. It is to give in a literal or figurative sense.
^XCIII “blessing” = barakah. From barak (to kneel, bless; blessing God as part of worship and adoration; blessing humans to help them; can be used as a euphemism to say curse God). This is blessing, which implies prosperity or peace.

^XCIV “set” = natan. Same as “give” in v2. See note XVI above.
^XCV “give” = natan. Same as “give” in v2. See note XVI above.
^XCVI “Gulloth-mayim” = Gullah + mayim. Gullah is 15x in OT. From galal (to roll, roll away, wallow, commit, remove; rolling in a literal or figurative sense). This is something round like a basin, bowl, fountain, or globe. It is also the name of a place called Gulloth. Mayim is water, waters, or waterway in a general sense. Figuratively, it can also mean juice, urine, or semen.

^XCVII “gave” = natan. Same as “give” in v2. See note XVI above.
^XCVIII “Upper Gulloth” = gullah + illi. Gullah is the same as “Gulloth-mayim” in v15. See note XCVI above. Illi is related to “go up” in v1. 2x in OT. From alah (see note IX above). This is high or upper.
^XCIX “Lower Gulloth” = gullah + tachti. Gullah is the same as “Gulloth-mayim” in v15. See note XCVI above. Tachti is related to “under” in v7. 19x in OT. From tachat (see note XLII above). This is beneath, the depths, foot of a mountain, a pit, the womb.

^C “descendants” = ben. Same as “Israelites” in v1. See note V above.
^CI “Kenite” = Qeni. 13x in OT. From Qayin (Cain, the name or Kenite – the people or their territory; meaning “spear,” “smith,” “acquisition,” or “political leader.”); from the same as qayin (spear); from qun (to chant a lament, to play a musical note). This is Kenite. It may mean “nestling,” “people of the spear,” or “senatorial.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Cain.html & https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Kenite.html
^CII “Moses’s” = Mosheh. From mashah (to pull out in a literal or figurative sense, to draw out) OR from Egyptian mes or mesu (child, son i.e. child of…). This is Moses – the one drawn out from the water, which is to say, rescued. If derived from the Egyptian, his name would share a root with Rameses and Thutmose.
^CIII “father-in-law” = chathan. Perhaps from chathan (bridegroom, son-in-law; someone who is related through marriage; figuratively can be a child who is circumcised). This is to intermarry, make an alliance through marriage, father-in-law, son-in-law, give one’s daughter in marriage.

^CIV “palms” = tamar. 12x in OT. From the same as tomer (palm tree, the trunk of that tree, a post). The root may mean being erect. This is a date palm or other palm tree. This is also the root of Tamar’s name in the Bible.
^CV “wilderness” = midbar. Related to “Debir” in v11. From dabar (see note LXXIII above). This is mouth or speech. It can also be desert or wilderness. Additionally, it can be used for a pasture to which one drives cattle.
^CVI “Arad” = Arad. 5x in OT. Perhaps similar to aron (wild ass); perhaps related to arad (to flee, to be free) OR from rud (to wander) OR from a word meaning to sequester oneself. This is Arad, meaning “fugitive” or “wild ass.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Arad.html

^CVII “settled” = yashab. Same as “lived” in v9. See note LXI above.
^CVIII “Amalekites” = am. From amam (to darken, hide, associate; creating shadows by huddling together). This is people or nation. It can be used specifically for a tribe, collectively of troops or armies, or figuratively to refer to a flock of animals.
^CIX “Zephath” = Tsephath. 1x in OT. Perhaps from tsaphah (to look out, look around, spy watchman, sentinel; leaning out to look far away; to await or observe). This is Zephath, a city whose name means watchtower or covering. See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Zephath.html
^CX “devoted…to destruction” = charam. This is to ban, destroy, devote, seclude. It is to dedicate to a religious purpose, often for destruction.

^CXI “called” = qara + et + shem. Qara is to call or call out – to call someone by name. Also used more broadly for calling forth. Shem is the same as “name” in v10. See note LXVI above.
^CXII “Hormah” = Chormah. Related to “devoted…to destruction” in v17. 9x in OT. From charam (see note CX above). This is Hormah or Chormah, meaning “asylum” or “devoted” or “dedicated” or “devoted to destruction” or “anathema.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Hormah.html
^CXIII “Gaza” = Azzah. From az (strong or mighty; power, vehemence, greedy); from azaz (to be strong, become fixed, be bold, prevail, be impudent; it means to be stout literally or figuratively. A Late Hebrew word). This is Gaza or Azzah – a Philistine city. It means “strong.”
^CXIV “territory” = gebul. Perhaps from gabal (to border, twist like rope). This is boundary, limit, coast, space. Properly, it is a line that is twisted, which implies a boundary and, by extension, the boundaries of a territory or other enclosed space.

^CXV “Ashkelon” = Ashqelon. 12x in OT. Of foreign origin – Perhaps related to shaqal (to weigh, spend, trade). This is Ashkelon, a city whose name means “a weighing place,” “mart.” The words “scallion” and “shallot” came from the Latin version of Ashkelon (“Ascalonia”). See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkelon
^CXVI “territory” = gebul. Same as “territory” in v18. See note CXIV above.
^CXVII “Ekron” = Eqron. From the same as eqer (stock, member, offshoot; figuratively, could be a descendant or someone who is transplanted like an immigrant who takes up permanent residence); from aqar (to uproot, pluck out, dig out by the roots, to hamstring; figuratively, to exterminate). This is Ekron, a city whose name may mean “extermination” or “uprooting” or “emigration.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Ekron.html
^CXVIII “territory” = gebul. Same as “territory” in v18. See note CXIV above.

^CXIX “was” = hayah. Same as {untranslated} in v1. See note I above.
^CXX “took possession” = yarash. This is inheriting or dispossessing. It refers to occupying or colonizing – taking territory by driving out the previous inhabitants and living there instead of them. By implication, it can mean to seize or rob, to expel, ruin, or impoverish.
^CXXI “drive out” = yarash. Same as “took possession” in v19. See note CXX above.
^CXXII “plain” = emeq. From amoq (to be deep in a literal or figurative sense; profound). This is Vale or valley – frequently part of place names.

^CXXIII “chariots” = rekeb. From rakab (to ride an animal or in some vehicle; also, bringing on a horse). This is a vehicle, wagon, or chariot. It can be cavalry or an individual rider.
^CXXIV “iron” = barzel. From the same as Birzoth (a name meaning holes). Root may mean to pierce. This is iron as something used as a cutting implement. It can also specifically mean ax head.
^CXXV “given” = natan. Same as “give” in v2. See note XVI above.
^CXXVI “said” = dabar. Related to “Debir” in v11 & “wilderness” in v16. See note LXXIII above.
^CXXVII “three” = shalosh. This is three, fork, three times.
^CXXVIII “Anak” = Anaq. 9x in OT– all in Deuteronomy & Joshua. From the same as Anaq (Anak, Anaq; a name meaning “neck”); from the same as anaq (necklace, ornament, chain); perhaps from anaq (to encircle like a necklace or function as a necklace; figuratively, to furnish with supplies). This is someone descended from Anak – an Anakite. It may mean “neck.”

^CXXIX “Benjaminites” = ben + Binyamin. Literally, “children of Benjamin.” Ben is the same as “Israelites” in v1. See note V above. Binyamin is related to “Israelites” in v1 & “daughter” in v12. From ben (see note V above) + from yamin (right hand or side; that which is stronger or more agile; the south); {perhaps yamam (to go or choose the right, use the right hand; to be physically fit or firm)}. This is Benjamin, meaning “son of the right hand.” It could refer to Benjamin himself, his offspring, their tribe, or their territory.
^CXXX “Jebusites” = Yebusi. From yebus (threshing place; one of the former names of Jerusalem); from bus (to trample down, tread in a literal or figurative sense; to loathe, pollute, squirm). This is Jebusite, meaning treaders or threshers.
^CXXXI “day” = yom. Root may mean being hot. This is the day in a literal or figurative sense. It can also mean birth, age, daylight, continually or other references to time.

^CXXXII “house” = bayit. Related to “Israelites” in v1 & “daughter” in v12 & “Benjaminites” in v21. Probably from banah (see note V above). This is house, court, family, palace, temple.
^CXXXIII “Joseph” = Yoseph. From yasaph (to add, increase, continue, exceed). This is Joseph, meaning “he increases” or “let him add.”
^CXXXIV “also” = gam. Same as “too” in v3. See note XXIII above.
^CXXXV “Bethel” = Bethel. Related to “Israelites” in v1 & “daughter” in v12 & “Benjaminites” in v21 & “house” in v22 & to “Israelites” in v1 & “God” in v7 & “Othniel” in v13. From bayit (see note CXXXII above) + El (see note V above). This is Bethel, literally meaning “house of God.”

^CXXXVI “sent out spies” = tur. This is to seek out, explore, investigate. It is often used of trading or spying.
^CXXXVII “Luz” = Luz. 8x in OT. Probably from the same as luz (almond tree or almond wood; may also be hazel) OR from luz (to turn aside). The is Luz, meaning “almond tree” or “twisted.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Luz.html#.Xv6vzChKhPY
^CXXXVIII “spies” = shamar. This is to keep, watch, or preserve. It means to guard something or to protect it as a thorny hedge protects something.
^CXXXIX “saw” = raah. This is to see in a literal or figurative sense so stare, advise, think, view.
^CXL “man” = ish. Same as “them” in v4. See note XXIX above.
^CXLI “coming” = yatsa. This is to go or come out, bring forth, appear. It is to go out in a literal or figurative sense.
^CXLII “said” = amar. Same as “said” in v1. See note VIII above.

^CXLIII “show” = raah. Same as “saw” in v24. See note CXXXIX above.
^CXLIV {untranslated} = na. This particle is used for requests or for urging. It can be we pray, now, I ask you, oh. This is the same “na” in “hosanna.”
^CXLV “way into” = mabo. Related to “brought” in v7. From bo (see note XLVIII above). This is entrance, coming in – the process of entering or the place of entrance. It can also mean the setting of the sun i.e. the west.
^CXLVI “deal” = asah. Same as “done” in v7. See note XLIV above.
^CXLVII “kindly” = chesed. From chasad (being good, kind, merciful; may mean bowing one’s neck as is done in the presence of an equal for courtesy’s sake; so, if one in a superior position is treating you like an equal, that is what is captured here). This is favor, goodness, kindness, loving kindness, pity, reproach, or a good deed. When done by God to humanity, this is mercy/loving kindness. When done by humanity to God, it is piety.

^CXLVIII {untranslated} = peh. Same as {untranslated} in v8. See note LIV above.
^CXLIX “all” = kol. From kalal (to complete). This is all or every.
^CL “family” = mishpachah. From the same as shiphcah (maid, maidservant); root means to spread out. This is one’s circle of relatives – clan, family, kindred.
^CLI “let…go” = shalach. Same as “set” in v8. See note LVI above.

^CLII “Hittites” = Chitti. From cheth (Heth or Cheth; one of Canaan’s sons from whom perhaps the Hittites descend) OR from hatat (terror, lacking strength or courage); perhaps from hata (to seize; often used of coals from a fire). This is Hittite – perhaps meaning terrors or terrible. See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Hittite.html#.XyMgpp5KhPY
^CLIII “built” = banah. Related to “Israelites” in v1 & “daughter” in v12 & “Benjaminites” in v21 & “house” and “Bethel” in v22. See note V above.
^CLIV “named” = qara + shem. Same as “called” in v17. See note CXI above.

^CLV “Manasseh” = Menashsheh. From nashah (to forget, neglect, remove, deprive). This is Manasseh, literally “causing to forget.” It is Manasseh, his tribe, or the lands of the tribe.
^CLVI “Beth-shean” = Beth shean. Related to “Israelites” in v1 & “daughter” in v12 & “Benjaminites” in v21 & “house” and “Bethel” in v22 & “built” in v26. 9x in OT. From bayit (see note CXXXII above) + shaan (to rest, be quiet, be peaceful). This is Beth-shean, a place whose name means “place of quiet” or “house of ease.
^CLVII “villages” = bat. Same as “daughter” in v12. See note LXXVII above.
^CLVIII “Taanach” = Tanak. This is Taanach, Tanach, or Tanak. Its meaning is unclear. It may mean “wandering through” or “sandy.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Taanach.html

^CLIX “Dor” = Dor. 7x in OT. From dor (a revolution of time, which is to say, an age or generation; a dwelling or one’s posterity); from dur (to move in a circle, which implies living somewhere or remaining there; it can also be the sense of piling or heaping up). This is Dor, meaning “dwelling” or “habitation.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Dor.html
^CLX “Ibleam” = Yibleam. Related to “Amalekites” in v16. 3x in OT. Perhaps from bala (to swallow, engulf, cover, destroy) + am (see note CVIII above) OR from yabal (to bring, carry, flow, lead forth) + am (see above). This is Ibleam, a city whose name may mean “devouring people” or “he destroys the people” or “the people flow forth.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Ibleam.html
^CLXI “Megiddo” = Mgiddon. 12x in OT. Perhaps from abdan (destruction, perishing); {from abad (to wander off, lose self; to perish, destroy, die, vanish, or be broken or corrupt)} OR from gadad (to cut, gather, assemble, crowd; also, to gash as pushing in). This is Megiddo or Megiddon. It may mean “tower” or “rendezvous” or “invading” or “Place of exposure” or “place of troops” or “place of multitudes.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Megiddo.html
^CLXII “continued” = yaal. 19x in OT. This to be pleased or willing, determined, to take on something, to try, to do willingly, to begin. It can have the idea of assent or consent as well as continuing or persisting.

^CLXIII {untranslated} = hayah. Same as {untranslated} in v1. See note I above.
^CLXIV “grew strong” = chazaq. This is to strengthen, seize, be courageous, repair, bind, heal, conquer, harden.
^CLXV “put” = sum. Related to “name” in v10. See note LXVI above.
^CLXVI “forced labor” = mas. Perhaps from masas (to melt, discourage, faint; to deteriorate from a sickness or weaken because of sleepiness or an emotional response). This is a burden that creates weariness and or exhaustion. It is forced labor, taskwork, or other levy.
^CLXVII “in fact drive…out” = yarash…yarash. Same as “took possession” in v19. See note CXX above. The word is repeated twice – the first time as an Infinitive Absolute. The Infinitive Absolute serves to emphasize the sentiment of the word. It is rather like Foghorn Leghorn’s speech pattern, “I said, I said.”

^CLXVIII “Ephraim” = Ephrayim. From the same as epher (ashes or dust – properly something strewn) OR from parah (to grow, increase, be fruitful in a literal or figurative sense). This is Ephraim, one of Joseph’s sons, his descendants, and their land.
^CLXIX “Gezer” = Gezer. 15x in OT. From gezer (piece, part, portion); from gazar (to cut or cut down; figuratively, to divide, exclude, decree, or destroy). This is Gezer, a city that means “portion.”
^CLXX “among” = qereb. Perhaps from qarab (to come near or approach). This is among, in the midst, before, the center It is the inward part, whether literal or figurative. It can also be used for the heart, the site of thoughts and feelings. This word is also used as a technical term for the entrails of the animals who are sacrificed.

^CLXXI “Zebulun” = Zebulun. From zabal (to dwell, inclose, reside). This is Zebulun, that tribe, or their territory. It means “habitation.”
^CLXXII “Kitron” = Qitron. 1x in OT. From the same as qitor (smoke, clouds, vapor); (from qatar (to smoke or burn; especially of sacrifice – the fragrance of the offering)) OR from qaton (to be small, diminished, insignificant, or unworthy); {perhaps from qatan (least, small, young, little one; it is literally smaller whether in amount or size; figuratively smaller in the sense of younger or less important)}. This is Kitron, a city whose name means “place of burning” or “place of incense burning” or “knotty” or “little one” or “shortened. See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Kitron.html
^CLXXIII “Nahalol” = Nahalal. 3x in OT– 2x in Joshua 19 & 1x in Judges 1. From nahal (leading or guiding – specifically to a resting place or somewhere where there is water; to refresh or feed, protect or sustain; in a sense of flowing, sparkling water). This is Nahalal.

^CLXXIV “among” = qereb. Same as “among” in v29. See note CLXX above.
^CLXXV “became subject” = hayah. Same as {untranslated} in v1. See note I above.
^CLXXVI “Asher” = Asher. From ashar (to go straight, lead, guide; to be level and so to be right, blessed, honest, happy). This is Asher, one of Jacob’s children and his tribe. It means “happy one.”
^CLXXVII “Acco” = Akko. 1x in OT. Perhaps from achana (serpent) OR from akak (to be hot). This is Acco, a place whose name may mean “hemmed in” or “serpent” or “sun struck.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Acco.html

^CLXXVIII “Sidon” = Tsidon. From Phoenician tsydon (Sidon; probably meaning fishery or fishing town). This is Sidon – a city in Phoenicia. See https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Sidon & https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidon
^CLXXIX “Mahalab” = Achlab. 1x in OT. From the same as cheleb (fat, finest, marrow; fat in a literal or figurative sense; the richest or best part). This is Ahlab or Mahalab, a city whose name means “fatness,” which is to say fertile.
^CLXXX “Achzib” = Akzib. 4x in OT. From akzab (deceptive, disappointing, a falsehood; can imply treachery); from kazab (to lie, be false or in vain, to fail; to deceive in a literal or figurative sense). This is Achzib, the name of two places which means “deceptive” or “lying.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Achzib.html
^CLXXXI “Helbah” = Chelbah. Related to “Mahalab” in v31. 1x in OT. From cheleb (see note CLXXIX above). This is Helbah, a city whose name means “fertility.”

^CLXXXII “Aphik” = Apheq. 9x in OT. From aphaq (to be strong, force, control, hold). This is Apheq, Aphek, or Aphik. It is a place, perhaps meaning “fortress.”
^CLXXXIII “Rehob” = Rechob. 10x in OT. From rachab (to grow wide or enlarge in a literal or figurative sense; extend, relieve, rejoice, or speak boldly). This is Rehob or Rechob, meaning “width” or “wide place” or “open place” or “open place” or “open space” or “a street” or “market.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Rehob.html
^CLXXXIV “Asherites” = Asheri. Related to “Asher” in v31. 1x in OT. From Asher (see note CLXXVI above). This is Asherites, someone descended from the tribe of Asher.
^CLXXXV “among” = qereb. Same as “among” in v29. See note CLXX above.

^CLXXXVI “Naphtali” = Naphtali. From pathal (to twist, twine, wrestle, struggle, behave in an unsavory way). This is Naphtali, meaning “my wrestling.” It can refer to Naphtali, his tribe, or the lands of the tribe.
^CLXXXVII “Beth-shemesh” = Beth shemesh. Related to “Israelites” in v1 & “daughter” in v12 & “Benjaminites” in v21 & “house” and “Bethel” in v22 & “built” in v26 & “Beth-shean” in v27. From bayit (see note CXXXII above) + shemesh (sun or toward the east; root may mean being brilliant; figuratively, a ray or an arch). This is Beth-shemesh, the name of several places, which means “sun temple” or “house of the sun.”
^CLXXXVIII “Beth-anath” = Beth-anath. Related to “Israelites” in v1 & “daughter” in v12 & “Benjaminites” in v21 & “house” and “Bethel” in v22 & “built” in v26 & “Beth-shean” in v27 & “Beth-shemesh” in v33. 3x in OT. – 1x in Joshua 19 & 2x in Judges 1. From bayit (see note CXXXII  above) + Anath (Anath, meaning “answer” or “eye” or “fountain” or “answer to prayer”); {from anah (to answer, respond, announce, sing, shout, or testify; to pay attention, which implies responding and, by extension, starting to talk; singing, shouting, testifying, etc.) or from ayin (eye, appearance; eye in a literal or figurative sense; a fountain)}. This is Beth-anath, a place whose name means “Tempel of Anat” or “house of answer” or “house of business” or “house of affliction” or “house of singing” or “house of response.” See  https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Beth-anath.html
^CLXXXIX “among” = qereb. Same as “among” in v29. See note CLXX above.

^CXC “Amorites” = Emori. Related to {untranslated} in v1. From amar (see note VIII above). This is Amorite or Emori, perhaps meaning talkers.
^CXCI “pressed” = lachats. 19x in OT. This is to press or squeeze. Figuratively, it is oppress, afflict, or distress.
^CXCII “Danites” = ben + Dan. Literally, “children of Dan.” Ben is the same as “Israelites” in v1. See note V above. Dan is from din (to judge, defend, dispute, govern, quarrel, plead). This is Dan or a Danite. It means “judge” and can refer to Dan, his tribe, or the lands of the tribe.
^CXCIII “allow” = natan. Same as “give” in v2. See note XVI above.
^CXCIV “come down” = yarad. Same as “went down” in v9. See note LX above.

^CXCV “Har-heres” = Har + cheres. Har is the same as “hill country” in v9. See note LXII above. Cheres is 1x in OT. From the same as cheres (may come from a word meaning to scrape; an itch or the sun). Har-heres is a mountain and a place where Amorites live. It means “shining” or “sun” or “irritant.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Heres.html
^CXCVI “Aijalon” = Ayyalon. 10x in OT. From ayyal (deer, stag); {from the same as ulam (porch, hall); from the same as ul (mighty, strength, body, belly; root may mean to twist and that implies strength and power); from alam (to bind or tie fast; to be silent or speechless, whether voluntary or involuntary)} OR from ayil (strength; things that are strong or powerful: political chiefs, rams, posts, trees, oaks). This is Aijalon, several cities whose name means “deer” or “place or gazelles” or “deer-field” or “protruding one.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Aijalon.html
^CXCVII “Shaalbim” = Shaalbim. 3x in OT. From the same as shual (a fox or jackal; an animal that spends its time in ruins or wastelands and eats carrion); {may be from the same as sho’al (to hollow, the palm, a handful)} OR from shual (see above) + bin (to discern, consider, attend to; distinguishing things in one’s mind or, more generally, to understand). This is Shaalabbin, a city whose name may mean “haunt of foxes” or “fox-holes” or “sly fox” “vulpine cunning” or “understanding by ferreting.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Shaalabbin.html
^CXCVIII “rested heavily” = kabad. To be heavy, weighty, or severe. It can also be positive abounding in, rich, or honorable. The Hebrew word for “glory,” kabod, is taken from this root.

^CXCIX “border” = gebul. Same as “territory” in v18. See note CXIV above.
^CC “ascent of Akrabbim” = Maaleh Aqrabbim. Related to “go up” in v1 & “Upper Gulloth” in v15 & to “Ekron” in v18. 3x in OT. From maaleh (elevation, platform, slope, cliff, priority); {from alah (see note IX above)} + aqrab (scorpion, whip); {from the same as eqer (see note CXVII above). This is Maaleh Aqrabim or ascent of Akrabbim, meaning “ascent of scorpions” or “steep of scorpions.”
^CCI “Sela” = Sela. From the same as sela (root may mean being lofty; a rock, cliff, crag, mountain; figuratively, obstinance or God as a refuge; fortress or stronghold). This is Sela, an Edomite city. Its name means “rock” or “cliff.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Sela.html
^CCII “upward” = maal. Related to “go up” in v1 & “Upper Gulloth” in v15 & “ascent of Akrabbim” in v36. From alah (see note IX above). This is the upper part, forward, high above, upwards, greater, heaven, or exceedingly.