Psalm 45:1-2, 6-9

Psalm 45:1-2, 6-9
Proper 17B

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To the leader:A according to Lilies.B Of the Korahites.C

Notes on superscription a

A “leader” = natsach. Properly, something that glitters from a distance. So, something that stands out, excels, has status/standing (such as a chief musician or superintendent of Temple services). This can also mean to be permanent or enduring.
B “Lilies” = shushan. 15x in OT. Perhaps from sus (to rejoice, be glad; properly, to be bright or cheerful). This is lily, Shoshan, or Shoshannah. It could also be other flowers that look like lilies, architecture decoration in the shape of a lily, a musical tune, or trumpets due to the similar appearance. This is where the name “Susan” comes from.
C “Korahites” = ben + Qorah. Literally, “children of Korah.” Ben is son, age, child. It is son in a literal or figurative sense. Qorah is from qarach (to shave the head, perhaps be frozen). This is Korah, perhaps meaning “ice.”

A Maskil.D A loveE song.F

Notes on superscription b

D “Maskil” = Maskil. 13x in OT. From sakal (to consider or be prudent; to instruct, be an expert; dealing prudently, which implies success and prospering; can mean laying cross-wise). This is maskil or maschil. It is a poem used for instruction.
E “love” = yadid. 9x in OT. Perhaps from the same as dod (beloved, love, uncle, love token; root may mean to boil). This is lovely, amiable, beloved.
F “song” = shir. From shir (to sing; one who is singing or leading others in song). This is song or singer.

My heartG overflowsH with a goodlyI theme;J

Notes on verse 1a

G “heart” = leb. From the same as lebab (the heart, courage, one’s inner self, the mind, the will; only used in a figurative sense in the Bible); may be related to labab (to encourage; properly, to be encased as with fat; used in a good sense, this means to transport someone with love; used in a bad sense, it can mean to dull one’s senses).. This is inner self, mind, will, feelings, the center.
H “overflows” = rachash. 1x in OT. This is to stir, overflow, or continue moving.
I “goodly” = tob. From tob (to be pleasing, to be good). This is good, beautiful, pleasant, agreeable, bountiful, at ease. This word is used for goodness as a concept, a good thing, a good person. This can refer to prosperity and welfare as well as joy, kindness, sweetness, and graciousness. So, this is ethically good, but also enjoyably good.
J “theme” = dabar. From dabar (to speak, declare, discuss). This is speech, a word, a matter, an affair, charge, command, message, promise, purpose, report, request. It is a word, which implies things that are spoken of in a wide sense.

    I addressK my versesL to the king;M
    my tongueN is like the penO of a readyP scribe.Q

Notes on verse 1b

K “address” = amar. This is to speak, say, answer, command, promise, report.
L “verses” = maaseh. From asah (to do, make, accomplish, become). This is a work – any action whether positive or negative. It can also be a transaction, construction, activity, property, or something that is produced.
M “king” = melek. From malak (to be or become king or queen, to rise to the throne, to be crowned; by implication, to take counsel). This is king or royal.
N “tongue” = lashon. This is tongue, talker, language, or wedge. It can also be a tongue of flame or a water cove.
O “pen” = et. 4x in OT. Perhaps from iyt (to fly, rail, swoop on literally or figuratively). This is a stylus or pen as something that makes long strokes.
P “ready” = mahir. 4x in OT. From mahar (being liquid, which implies flowing; so, hurrying forward, whether in a positive or negative sense). This is quick, ready, diligent, skillful.
Q “scribe” = saphar. From sepher (writing, document, book, evidence). This is properly to tally or record something. It can be enumerate, recount, number, celebrate, or declare.

You are the most handsomeR of men;S
    graceT is pouredU upon your lips;V

Notes on verse 2a

R “are…handsome” = yaphah. 7x in OT. This is to be beautiful, decorate. Root means being bright, which implies being beautiful.
S “men” = ben + adam. Literally, “children of humanity.” Ben is the same as “Korahites” in superscription. See note C above. Adam is perhaps from adam (to be red, make ruddy); related to adamah (ground, dirt, earth). This is man, humankind, also Adam’s name. It refers to a human individual or humanity.
T “grace” = chen. From chanan (beseech, show favor, be gracious; properly, to bend in kindness to someone with less status). This is grace, favor, kindness, beauty, precious.
U “poured” = yatsaq. This is to pour out, flow, wash away, or overflow. It can imply melting as one does to cast metal. By extension, it can refer to something being steadfast, stiffened, firmly in place.
V “lips” = saphah. This is lip, edge, border, bank – used for a boundary. It can also be speech or language.

    thereforeW GodX has blessedY you forever.Z

Notes on verse 2b

W “therefore” = ken. Perhaps from kun (properly, in a perpendicular position; literally, to establish, fix, fasten, prepare; figuratively, it is certainty, to be firm, faithfulness, render sure or prosperous). This is to set upright. Generally used figuratively to mean thus, so, afterwards, rightly so.
X “God” = Elohim.
Y “blessed” = barak. This is to kneel, to bless. It is blessing God as part of worship and adoration or blessing humans to help them. It can be used as a euphemism to say curse God.
Z “forever” = olam. This is a long scope of time whether in the past (antiquity, ancient time) or in the future (eternal, everlasting).

Your throne,AA O God, endures forever and ever.BB
    Your royalCC scepterDD is a scepter of equity;EE

Notes on verse 6

AA “throne” = kisse. From the same as kese (full moon); perhaps from kasah (to cover, conceal, overwhelm; to cover as clothes do or to hide a secret). This is throne – a seat that is covered or has a canopy. Thus, it is a seat that conveys authority.
BB “ever” = ad. From adah (to advance or continue; to take away or remove; adorning oneself with ornaments). This is old, perpetuity, eternity. It is a duration going back or forward.
CC “royal” = malkut. Related to “king” in v1. From melek (see note M above). This is royalty, kingdom, realm, empire – the power the sovereign has.
DD “scepter” = shebet. This is a rod, staff, club, scepter, dart, or tribe. Literally a stick that can be used for punishing, writing, fighting, walking, ruling; thus, used figuratively for a clan.
EE “equity” = mishor. From yashar (to be straight, right, even, smooth, or agreeable; figuratively, to make something pleasant or prosperous) This is a level place like a plain. It can also be the proper name of a level place. Figuratively, it can refer to straightness in the sense of justice, equity, fairness, righteousness, or uprightness. It can also refer to a concord.

    you loveFF righteousnessGG and hateHH wickedness.II

Notes on verse 7a

FF “love” = aheb. This is to love, beloved, friend. It is to have affection for sexually or otherwise.
GG “righteousness” = tsedeq. This is rightness, righteousness, vindication. It is everything that is just or ethical. That which is right in a natural, moral, or legal sense. It also includes just weights (i.e. true weights). Figuratively, this is justice, righteousness, equity – even prosperity.
HH “hate” = sane. This is to hate, an enemy. It is a personal hatred and not an abstract one.
II “wickedness” = resha. From rasha (to be wicked, guilty, make trouble, do wrong; can also be condemn, guilty, inflict punishment; this verb implies disturbing or violating). This is wrong, particularly moral wrong. It can be wickedness, evil, wicked deeds, or something that is ill-gotten.

Therefore God, your God, has anointedJJ you
    with the oilKK of gladnessLL beyond your companions;MM

Notes on verse 7b

JJ “anointed” = mashach. This is smear, paint, spread, or paint. It can also be to rub with oil or, otherwise stated, to anoint. This implies a consecration. This root verb is where the word “messiah” comes from.
KK “oil” = shemen. From shamen (to shine, which implies being oily, growing fat). This is fat, oil, grease, olive oil – often with perfume. Used figuratively for fertile, lavish, rich.
LL “gladness” = sason. Perhaps related to “lilies” in superscription. From sus (see note B above). This is rejoicing, cheerfulness, and welcome.
MM “companions” = chaber. 12x in OT. From chabar (to unite, ally, attach, touch; to join in a literal or figurative sense; also, specially, using magic knots or spells to fascinate or connect). This is something that is united or knit together such as an associate or a companion.

    your robesNN are allOO fragrant with myrrhPP and aloesQQ and cassia.RR

Notes on verse 8a

NN “robes” = beged. From bagad (to cover or conceal; figuratively, to act in a covert or treacherous way, to transgress or pillage). This is clothing, garment, robe, or some other kind of clothing. Figuratively, it can be treachery or pillaging.
OO “all” = kol. From kalal (to complete). This is all or every.
PP “myrrh” = mor. 12x in OT. From marar (to be bitter, embittered, weep, troubled). This is myrrh as liquid and bitter.
QQ “aloes” = ahalim. 4x in OT. This is wood or sticks of aloe.
RR “cassia” = qetsiah. 1x in OT. From qatsa (to scrape, strip off, separate partially). This is cassia a bark with cinnamon-like qualities.

From ivorySS palacesTT stringed instrumentsUU make you glad;VV
    daughtersWW of kings are among your ladies of honor;XX

Notes on verses 8b-9a

SS “ivory” = shen. From shanan (to sharpen, point, pierce; figuratively to teach). This is a tooth, ivory, something sharp, or, figuratively, a cliff.
TT “palaces” = hekal. Perhaps from yakol (to be able, endure, overcome, prevail). This is a large building with public access such as a palace or temple.
UU “stringed instruments” = men. 2x in OT– both in Psalms. Root may mean to apportion. This is an instrument, particularly one with strings like a harp.
VV “make…glad” = samach. This is to rejoice or be glad. Properly, it is to brighten up in a literal or figurative sense.
WW “daughters” = bat. Perhaps related to “Korahites” in superscription. From ben (see note C above). This is daughter in a literal or figurative sense.
XX “ladies of honor” = yaqar. From yaqar (to be precious, costly, rare, valued; properly, to be heavy; figuratively, valuable or inhibit). This is precious, splendid, noble, weighty, or rare. It is valuable in a subjective or objective sense.

    at your right handYY standsZZ the queenAAA in goldBBB of Ophir.CCC

Notes on verse 9b

YY “right hand” = yamin. May be from yamam (to go or choose the right, use the right hand; to be physically fit or firm). This can mean right hand, right side, or south. Since most people are right-handed, the metaphorical usage of this word presumes that the right hand is stronger and more agile. Thus, it is the instrument of power and action.
ZZ “stands” = natsab. This is to station, appoint, establish, take a stand.
AAA “queen” = shegal. 2x in OT. From shagel (to copulate with, violate). This is a queen or consort that cohabitates.
BBB “gold” = kethem. 9x in OT. Perhaps from katham (to carve, mark, stain). This is pure or fine gold. It can also be something carved, so gold ore.
CCC “Ophir” = Ophir. 13x in OT. This is Ophir, a son of Joktan, his lineage, and a place where there is gold.


Image credit: “White Wedding 1” by Aslam Karachiwala, 2017.

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