Romans 10

^I “brothers” = adelphos. From a (with, community, fellowship) + delphus (womb). This is a brother in a literal or figurative sense. It is also used of another member of the Church.
^II {untranslated} = men. This is truly, indeed, even, in fact. Often, it is not translated, but used to emphasize affirmation.
^III “heart’s” = kardia. Literally the heart, but figuratively mind, character, inner self, will, intention, thoughts, feelings. Also, the center of something. The word heart is only used figuratively in the Old and New Testaments. This is where “cardiac” comes from.
^IV “desire” = eudokia. 9x in NT. From eudokeo (to think well of, to be pleased or resolved; properly, what someone finds good or acceptable – approving of some action or generally thinking well of); {from eu (good, well, well done) + dokeo (to have an opinion, seem, appear, suppose; a personal judgment; to think); {from dokos (opinion)}}. This is goodwill, favor, happiness, delight, satisfaction, or desire. It is something that a person finds good or of benefit.

^V “prayer” = deesis. 18x in NT. From deomai (having an urgent need because one is missing or needing something so it is an earnest appeal or pressing request); from deo (to tie, bind, fasten, impel, compel; to declare something against the law or prohibited). This is a request coming from a deep personal need or want. So, it is supplication or prayer.
^VI “God” = Theos. From Proto-Indo-European origins, meaning do, put, place. This is God or a god in general.
^VII “saved” = soteria. From soter (a savior, deliverer); from sozo (to save, heal, preserve, or rescue; taking someone from danger to safety; delivering or protecting literally or figuratively); from sos (safe, rescued, well). This is deliverance, salvation, preservation, welfare, prosperity, safety.

^VIII “testify” = martureo. From martus (a witness whether having heard or seen something; witness literally, judicially, or figuratively; by analogy, a martyr). This is to bear witness, testify, give evidence. It is to testify in a literal or figurative sense.
^IX “have” = echo. This is to have, hold, possess.
^X “zeal” = zelos. 16x in NT– 6x in a positive sense (zeal for God) & 10x in a negative sense (jealousy/strife). Perhaps from zeo (to boil, be hot, ferment, bubble, boil, or glow; used figuratively for being fervent or earnest). This is eagerness or zeal on the one hand or rivalry and jealousy on the other. The verb is meant to echo the sound of boiling water and so it depicts burning emotion that bubbles over. So, burning anger or burning love.
^XI “knowledge” = epignosis. From epiginosko (to perceive, discern, acknowledge, recognize, know exactly because of direct interaction); {from epi (on, upon, what is fitting) + ginosko (to know, recognize, realize, perceive, learn; gaining knowledge through personal experience)}. This is knowledge, intuition, or discernment. It is firsthand knowledge of someone or something gained through contact or experience. This is full discernment or true knowledge.

^XII “not knowing” = agnoeo. Related to “knowledge” in v2. From a (not) + noieo (to perceive, think, understand); {from nous (mind, understanding, reasoning faculty, intellect, capacity to reflect); from noos (mind); probably from the base as ginosko (see note XI above)}. This is unaware not to know. Sometimes it is willful ignorance, but other times it is simply not knowing.
^XIII “righteousness” = dikaiosune. From dikaios (correct, righteous – implies innocent; this is that which conforms to God’s notion of justice, uprightness); from dike (the principle of justice; that which is right in a way that is very clear; a decision or the execution of that decision; originally, this word was for custom or usage; evolved to include the process of law, judicial hearing, execution of sentence, penalty, and even vengeance; more commonly, it refers to what is right); may be from deiknumi (to show, point out, exhibit; figurative for teach, demonstrate, make known). This is judicial or divine approval of character or action. This is righteousness, justice, justness, divine righteousness.
^XIV “seeking” = zeteo. This is to seek, search for, desire. It is searching for something by inquiring or investigation. It can be seek in a literal or figurative sense. There is a Hebrew figure of speech “to seek God’s face” so it can also mean to worship God. Alternately, you could seek someone’s life i.e. plot to kill them.

^XV “establish” = histemi. This is to stand, place, establish, appoint, stand ready, be steadfast.
^XVI “own” = idios. This is something that belongs to you or that is personal, private, apart. It indicates a stronger sense of possession than a simple possessive pronoun. This is where “idiot” comes from (denoting someone who hasn’t had formal training or education and so they rely on their own understanding).
^XVII “submitted” = hupotasso. From hupo (by, under, about, under one’s authority) + tasso (to arrange, appoint, determine). This is to place under. So it is to subject, submit, obey, or subordinate.

^XVIII “Christ” = Christos. From chrio (consecrate by anointing with oil; often done for prophets, priests, or kings). Literally, the anointed one, Christ. The Greek word for Messiah.
^XIX “culmination” = telos. From tel– (to reach a goal or aim); This is an end, aim, purpose, completion, goal, consummation, or tax. It is completing a stage of something and everything that results from that completion. It can be literal or figurative.
^XX “law” = nomos. From nemo (to parcel out). Literally, this is that which is assigned. It can be usage, custom, or law. This word can be used for human or divine law. It can be used specifically for the law of Moses or as a name for the Torah (the first five books of the Bible). Sometimes it is used for scripture as a whole, used of the Gospel, or of any theology. It is also used for the “tradition of the elders,” which would be the oral Torah – the tradition of the laws plus their interpretations as they were passed down over time. We must carefully consider which meaning of “law” is meant when we interpret passages the word is found in.

^XXI “everyone” = pas. This is have, hold, possess.
^XXII “believes” = pisteuo. From pistis (faith, faithfulness, belief, trust, confidence; to be persuaded or come to trust); from peitho (to have confidence, urge, be persuaded, agree, assure, believe, have confidence, trust). This is to believe, entrust, have faith it, affirm, have confidence in. This is less to do with a series of beliefs or doctrines that one believes and more to do with faithfulness, loyalty, and fidelity. It is trusting and then acting based on that trust.
^XXIII “Moses” = Mouses. From Hebrew Mosheh (Moses); from mashah (to pull out in a literal or figurative sense, to draw out) OR from Egyptian mes or mesu (child, son i.e. child of…). This is Moses – the one drawn out from the water, which is to say, rescued. If derived from the Egyptian, his name would share a root with Rameses and Thutmose.
^XXIV “writes” = grapho. This is to write or describe. It is where the word “graphic” comes from.

^XXV “person” = anthropos. Probably from aner (man, male, husband) + ops (eye, face); {from optanomai (to appear, be seen); perhaps from horao (become, seem, appear)}. This is human, humankind. Used for all genders.
^XXVI “does” = poieo. This is to make, do, act, construct, abide, or cause.
^XXVII “live” = zao. This is to live literally or figuratively. It is used for life including the vitality of humans, plants, and animals – it is life physical and spiritual and life everlasting.
^XXVIII “faith” = pistis. Related to “believes” in v4. See note XXII above.
^XXIX “says” = lego. This is to speak, say, name, call, command. It is generally to convey verbally.
^XXX “say” = eiron. This is to speak say, answer, command.

^XXXI “ascend” = anabaino. From ana (up, back, among, again, anew) + the same as basis (step, hence foot; a pace); {from baino (to walk, to go)}. This is to come up in a literal or figurative sense – ascent, rise, climb, enter.
^XXXII “heaven” = ouranos. May be related to oros (mountain, hill); probably related to airo (raise, take up, lift, remove). This is the air, the sky, the atmosphere, and heaven. It is the sky that is visible and the spiritual heaven where God dwells. Heaven implies happiness, power, and eternity.
^XXXIII “is” = eimi. This is to be, exist.
^XXXIV “bring…down” = katago. 9x in NT. From kata (down, against, according to, among) + ago (to lead, bring, carry, guide, drive, go). This is to bring or lead down. It could be from higher to lower ground or from out to sea closer to the land.

^XXXV “descend” = katabaino. Related to “ascend” in v6. From kata (down, against, throughout, among) + baino (see note XXXI above). This is to come down whether from the sky to the ground or from higher ground to lower. It can be used in a literal or figurative sense.
^XXXVI “abyss” = abussos. Related to “ascend” in v6 & “descend” in v7. 9x in NT. From a (not, without) + buthos (deep, bottom, deep sea); {akin to bathos (depth, fullness, profundity, or immensity); from bathus (deep in a literal or figurative sense); from the same root as basis (see note XXXI above)}. This is boundless, bottomless – literally without depth. It can imply the realm of the dead and evil spirits – the infernal abyss. This is where the word “abyss” comes from.
^XXXVII “bring…up” = anago. Related to “bring…down” in v6. From ana (up, again, back, among, anew) + ago (see note XXXIV above). This is to lead up, offer, set sail, bring out, depart, loose.
^XXXVIII “dead” = nekros. Perhaps from nekus (corpse). This is dead or lifeless, mortal, corpse. It can also be used figuratively for powerless or ineffective. It is where the word “necrotic” comes from.

^XXXIX “say” = lego. Same as “says” in v6. See note XXIX above.
^XL “word” = rhema. From rheo (to speak, command, make, say, speak of); from ereo (to all, say, speak of, tell; denotes ongoing speech). This is word, which implies a matter or thing spoken, a command, report, promise, thing, or business. Often used for narration, commands, or disputes.
^XLI “near” = eggus. Perhaps from agcho (to squeeze). This is nearby or near in time.
^XLII “mouth” = stoma. Perhaps from tomoteros (sharp, keener); from temno (to cut). This is mouth, speech, language, the tip of a sword, an opening in the ground.
^XLIII “proclaim” = kerusso. This is to proclaim, preach, publish. Properly, it is to act as a herald – announcing something publicly with confidence and/or to persuade.

^XLIV “confess” = homologeo. Related to “says” in v6. From homologos (of one mind); {from homos (the same) + lego (see note XXIX above)}. This is to agree, speak the same, declare, promise, praise, celebrate. It can mean to align with, express the same conclusion, endorse.
^XLV {untranslated} = ho + rhema. Literally, “the saying.” Rhema is the same as “word” in v8. See note XL above.
^XLVI “Jesus” = Iesous. From Hebrew Yehoshua (Joshua, the Lord is salvation); {from YHVH (proper name of the God of Israel; the self-existent and eternal one); {from havah (to become) or from hayah (to come to pass, become, be)} + yasha (to deliver, defend, help, preserve, rescue; properly, to be open, wide or free, which implies being safe. So, in a causative sense, this is to free someone)}. This is Jesus or Joshua in Greek – the Lord saves or the Lord is salvation.
^XLVII “Lord” = Kurios. From kuros (authority, supremacy). This is a respectful address meaning master or sir. It refers to one who has control or power greater than one’s own. So, it was also applied to God and Jesus as Master or Lord.

^XLVIII “raised” = egeiro. This is to awake, raise up or lift up. It can be to get up from sitting or lying down, to get up from sleeping, to rise from a disease or from death. Figuratively, it can be rising from inactivity or from ruins.
^XLIX “saved” = sozo. Related to “saved” in v1. See note VII above.
^L “salvation” = soteria. Same as “saved” in v1. See note VII above.
^LI “scripture” = graphe. Related to “writes” in v5. From grapho (see note XXIV above). This is literally writing, a document. In the New Testament, this is always used for scripture.
^LII “says” = lego. Same as “says” in v6. See note XXIX above.

^LIII “one” = pas. Same as “everyone” in v4. See note XXI above.
^LIV “put to shame” = kataischuno. 13x in NT. From kata (down, against, according to, among) + aischunomai (to dishonor, put to shame, shrink, disfigure); {from aischos (shame, disgrace, disfigurement)}. This is literally to shame down, which is to say disgrace or implying make someone blush. It can be frustrate, dishonor, confound or shame.
^LV “distinction” = diastole. Related to “establish” in v3. 3x in NT. From diastello (to set apart, distinguish, give a commission, order, set apart for service); {from dia (through, across to the other side, thoroughly) + stello (to set, arrange, prepare, provide for); {probably from histemi (see note XV above)}. This is difference, separation, distinction, or variation.
^LVI “Jew” = Ioudaios. From Ioudas (Judah, Judas); from Hebrew Yehudah (Judah, son of Jacob, his tribal descendants, a name for the southern kingdom. Literally, it means praised); probably from yadah (to throw one’s hands into the air in a gesture of praise); from yad (hand). This is Jewish, a Jew, or Judea.

^LVII “Greek” = Hellen. From Hellas (Hellas, what Greeks called themselves); perhaps from helane (torch) OR from selene (moon). This is Greek, but was used for Gentiles, broader populations that spoke Greek and were a part of Greek culture regardless of their heritage. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_(given_name)
^LVIII “all” = pas. Same as “everyone” in v4. See note XXI above.
^LIX “is generous” = plouteo. 12x in NT. From ploutizo (to enrich, cause abundance, bring fullness); from ploutos (abundance, wealth, or riches; money, possessions, spiritual abundance, or a valuable bestowment); from polus (much, many, abundant) OR pleo (to sail, voyage); {probably from pluno (to plunge – so to wash); from pluo (to flow)} OR pletho (to fill, accomplish, supply; to fill to maximum capacity). This is to be rich or abound in. It is to be or get wealth in a literal or figurative sense.

^LX “calls on” = epikaleo. From epi (on, upon, among, what is fitting) + kaleo (to call by name, invite, to name, bid, summon, call aloud); {related to keleuo (to command, order, direct); from kelomai (to urge on)}. This is to call on, appeal to, worship, invoke for help.
^LXI “name” = onoma. Related to “knowledge” in v2 & “not knowing” in v3. May be from ginosko (see note XI above). This is a name, authority, cause, character, fame, reputation. The name was thought to include something of the essence of the person so it was not thought to be separate from the person.
^LXII “saved” = sozo. Same as “saved” in v9. See note XLIX above.

^LXIII “heard” = akouo. This is hear or listen, but it also means to understand by hearing. This is where the word “acoustics” comes from.
^LXIV “without” = choris. From chora (space, land, region, fields, open area); from chasma (gap, gulf, chasm, open space); from chasko (to gape, yawn). This is apart from, separate from.
^LXV “sent” = apostello. Related to “establish” in v3 & “distinction” in v12. From apo (from, away from) + stello (see note LV above). This is to send forth, send away, dismiss, send as a messenger. It implies one that is sent for a particular mission or purpose rather than a quick errand. This is where “apostle” comes from.
^LXVI “beautiful” = horaios. 4x in NT. From hora (a set time or period, an hour, instant, or season). This is timely, seasonable, blooming, beautiful. It is fruitful, having the right timing, in season, flourishing.

^LXVII “feet” = pous. This is foot in a literal or figurative sense.
^LXVIII “good” = agathos. This is good, a benefit, or a good thing. It is good by its very nature, intrinsically good. A different word, kalos, refers to external signs of goodness.
^LXIX “bring…news” = euaggelizo. Related to “desire” in v1 & to “bring…down” in v6 & “bring…up” in v7. From eu (see note IV above) + aggelos (angel, messenger; a messenger from God bringing news – whether a prophet or an angel) {from aggellos (to bring tidings); probably from ago (see note XXXIV above)}. This is evangelize – literally to preach the good news. It can be those who hear the news, the news, or a way to say gospel.
^LXX {untranslated} = eirene. Perhaps from eiro (to join, tie together to form a whole). This is one, peace, quietness, rest, peace of mind, harmony. Peace was a common farewell among Jews (i.e. shalom) and this well-wishing included a blessing of health and wholeness for the individual. This word also indicates wholeness and well-being – when everything that is essential is joined together properly. This is peace literally or figuratively. By implication, it is prosperity (but not in the sense of excessive wealth. Prosperity would have meant having enough from day to day.)

^LXXI “obeyed” = hupakouo. Related to “heard” in v14. From hupo (by, under, about, subordinate to) + akouo (see note LXIII above). This is to listen, to attend to, or obey. It is acting subordinate to one who speaks – heeding a command or authority.
^LXXII “good news” = euaggelion. Related to “desire” in v1 & {untranslated} in v15 & to “bring…down” in v6 & “bring…up” in v7 & {untranslated} in v15. From eu (see note IV above) + aggelos (see note LXIX above). This is literally “the good news,” used for the gospel. This is also where “evangelism” comes from.
^LXXIII “Isaiah” = Esaias. Related to “Jesus” in v9. From Hebrew Yeshayahu (Isaiah, “salvation of the Lord”); {from yasha (see note XLVI above) + Yah (the shortened form of the name of the God of Israel; God, Lord); {from YHVH (see note XLVI above)}. This is Isaiah, meaning “salvation of the Lord.”
^LXXIV “says” = lego. Same as “says” in v6. See note XXIX above.
^LXXV “message” = akoe. Related to “heard” in v14 & “obeyed” in v16. From akouo (see note LXIII above). This is hearing, ear, audience, fame, report, rumor.
^LXXVI “what is heard” = akoe. Same as “message” in v16. See note LXXV above.

^LXXVII “ask” = lego. Same as “says” in v6. See note XXIX above.
^LXXVIII “voice” = phthoggos. 2x in NT – in Romans & 1 Corinthians. From phtheggomai (to speak, make a general sound). This is a tone or voice. It can be musical or vocal.
^LXXIX “gone out” = exerchomai. From ek (from, from out of) + erchomai (to come, go). This is to go out, depart, escape, proceed from, spread news abroad.
^LXXX “earth” = ge. This is earth, land, soil, region, country, the inhabitants of an area.
^LXXXI “ends” = peras. 4x in NT. Related to peirar (end, limit) OR related to peran (over, beyond, across); akin to pera (on the far side); from a derivative or peiro (to pierce). This is end, boundary, limit.
^LXXXII “world” = oikoumene. 15x in NT. From oikeo (to settle or be established somewhere in a permanent way, to make a home or live at home); from oikos (house – the building, the household, the family, descendants; the temple). This is the world – the part where people live. It was used specifically for the Roman world. It is the root of the word “ecumenic.”

^LXXXIII “Israel” = Israel. From Hebrew Yisrael (God strives or one who strives with God; new name for Jacob and for his offspring); {from sarah (to persist, exert oneself, contend, persevere, wrestle, prevail) + El (God or god)}. This is Israel the people and the land.
^LXXXIV “understand” = ginosko. Related to “knowledge” in v2 & “not knowing” in v3 & “name” in v13. See note XI above.
^LXXXV “first” = protos. From pro (before, first, in front of, earlier). This is what is first, which could be the most important, the first in order, the main one, the chief.
^LXXXVI “says” = lego. Same as “says” in v6. See note XXIX above.

^LXXXVII “nation” = ethnos. Probably from etho (a custom or culture). This is people who are united by having similar customs or culture. Generally, it is used to refer to Gentiles. This is a tribe, race, nation, or Gentiles in general. This is where the term “ethnicity” comes from.
^LXXXVIII “use…to make…jealous” = parazeloo. Related to “zeal” in v2. 4x in NT. From para (beside, by, in the presence of) + zeloo (jealous, eager for, burning with zeal, deeply committed, envy); {from zelos (see note X above)}. This is to provoke to jealousy or anger.
^LXXXIX “foolish” = asunetos. 5x in NT. From a (not, without) + sunetos (intelligent, wise, discerning, clever; finding understanding within one’s own frame of reference by connecting facts and concepts; focuses on the mental process of putting things together – being prudent or wise); {from suneimi (to put together – used figuratively to mean understand, consider, gain insight; bringing together facts or notions and synthesizing them into a whole; making a summary to arrive at a final conclusion that includes how to apply the insight to life; also acting piously or being wise); {from sun (with, together with) + hiemi (to send, put)}}. This is literally not understanding or undiscerning. It is someone who doesn’t comprehend, is foolish because they do not connect facts or process information meaningfully. It is an illogical person who chooses not to reason well. It can also imply moral fault and wickedness.
^XC “provoke” = parorgizo. 2x in NT. From para (beside, by, in the presence of) + orgizo (being angry, enraged, exasperated; a fixed, sustained anger); {from orge (impulse, wrath, anger, passion, punishment); from orgao (something that teems or stews; this is anger rising from prolonged personal contact that is fixed rather than an angry outburst; it can also be anger that stems from an individual’s sense of right and wrong, justice, etc.)}. This is to exasperate, anger, or enrage.

^XCI “is so bold” = apotolmao. Related to “culmination” in v4. 1x in NT. From apo (from, away from) + tolmao (to show courage to take a risk, to venture decisively, to put it on the line for something that matters); {from tolma (boldness); perhaps from telos (see note XIX above)}. This is to be bold.
^XCII “say” = lego. Same as “says” in v6. See note XXIX above.
^XCIII “found” = heurisko. This is to find, learn, or obtain. It is to discover something, which generally implies a period of searching for it. This is to find in a literal or figurative sense. This is where the word “heuristic” comes from.
^XCIV “shown” = emphanes + ginomai. Emphanes is 2x in NT. From en (in, on, at, by, with) + phaino (to bring light, cause to appear, shine, become visible or clear). This is visible, apparent, openly, or understood. Ginomai is to come into being, to happen, become, be born. It can be to emerge from one state or condition to another or is coming into being with the sense of movement or growth.
^XCV “ask” = eperotao. Related to “word” in v8. From epi (on, upon, against, what is fitting) + erotao (asking a question or making an earnest request; used when one anticipates special consideration for their request); {from eromai (to ask) OR from ereo (see note XL above)}. This is to question, interrogate, seek, or demand. The questioner is at an advantage – in a preferred position when they make their question.

^XCVI “says” = lego. Same as “says” in v6. See note XXIX above.
^XCVII “all” = holos. This is whole, complete, or entire. It is a state where every member is present and functioning in concert. This is the root of the word “whole.”
^XCVIII “day” = hemera. Perhaps from hemai (to sit). This is day, time, or daybreak.
^XCIX “held out” = ekpetannumi. 1x in NT. From ek (from, from out of) + petomai (to fly). This is to fly out, expand, extend.

^C “hands” = cheir. Perhaps from cheimon (winter, storm – winter as the rainy season); related to the base of chasma (chasm, gap, gulf); from chasko (to yawn). This is the hand in a literal sense. Figuratively, the hand is the means a person uses to accomplish things so it can also mean power, means, or instrument.
^CI “disobedient” = apeitheo. Related to “believes” in v4 & “faith” in v6. 14x in NT. From apeithes (unbelieving, disobedient, spiritually rebellious); {from a (not, without) + peitho (see note XXII above)}. This is to disobey or rebel. It refers to those who refuse to be convinced of something – willful disbelief.
^CII “contrary” = antilego. Related to “says” in v6 & “confess” in v9. 11x in NT. From anti (opposite, instead of, against) + lego (see note XXIX above). This is literally to speak against – so, to contradict, oppose, resist. It is being argumentative, especially with a hostile bent through opposition. It can indicate attempts to thwart.
^CIII “people” = laos. This is the people or crowd – often used for the chosen people. This is where the word “laity” comes from.