1 Samuel 29

^A “Philistines” = Pelishti. From Pelesheth (Philistia); from palash (to mourn, wallow, maybe roll in). This is Philistines. Their name may mean “griever” or “burrower” or “weakener.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Philistine.html.
^B “gathered” = qabats. This is to collect, assemble, heap, grasp, or gather.
^C “all” = kol. From kalal (to complete). This is all or every.

^D “forces” = machaneh. From chanah (to decline, bending down, or living in tents; can be camping to create a home or camping as a part of battle). This is an encampment, whether of people traveling together or soldiers. So, it can be a camp band, or company as well as an army of soldiers. Also can be used of other groups like animals, angels or stars.
^E “Aphek” = Apheq. 9x in OT. From aphaq (to be strong, force, control, hold). This is Apheq, Aphek, or Aphik. It is a place, perhaps meaning “fortress.”
^F “Israelites” = Yisrael. From sarah (to persist, exert oneself, contend, persevere, wrestle, prevail) + El (God or god). This is Israel, meaning God strives or one who strives with God; new name for Jacob and for his offspring. This refers to the people and to the land.

^G “encamped” = chanah. Related to “forces” in v1. See note D above.
^H “spring” = ayin. This is eye in a literal or figurative sense so eye, appearance, favor, or a fountain (the eye of the landscape).
^I “Jezreel” = Yizreel. Related to “Israelites” in v1. From zara (to sow or scatter seed; conceive or yield) + El (see note F above). This is Jezreel or Yizreel. It means “God sows” or “God will sow.”

^J “lords” = seren. May be taken from the Philistine language. Literally, this is an axle. Figuratively, it is a lord. In some places, they are numbered as five lords – one for each of the Philistinian cities.
^K “passing on” = abar. This is to pass over or cross over. It is used for transitions, whether literal or figurative. It can also mean to escape, alienate, or fail. This is the root verb from which “Hebrew” is drawn.
^L “hundreds” = meah. This is hundred or some number times one hundred (i.e. hundredfold or the base of two hundred, three hundred, etc.).
^M “thousands” = eleph. Perhaps from the same as eleph (herd, cattle); from alaph (to learn, speak, associate with). This is thousand.

^N “David” = David. From the same as dod (beloved, love, uncle); the root may mean to boil, which is used figuratively to describe love. So, this implies someone you love such as a friend, a lover, or a close family member like an uncle. David’s name likely means something like “beloved one.”
^O “men” = ish. Perhaps from enosh (human, humankind, mortal); from anash (to be weak, sick, or frail). This is man, husband, another, or humankind.
^P “rear” = acharon. From achar (to be behind, delay, be late, procrastinate, continue). This is end, last, coming behind, to loiter, later. It can also refer to the west.
^Q “Achish” = Akish. This is Achish or Akish. It may mean “he was afraid” or “majestic” or “angry” or “gift of God.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Achish.html

^R “commanders” = sar. This is chief, leader, ruler, lord, official, governor, prince, military leader. It refers to someone at the top of a rank or class.
^S “said” = amar. This is to speak, say, answer, command, promise, report.
^T “Hebrews” = Ibri. Related to “passing on” in v2. From Eber (the region beyond; Eber, the name of several Israelites including a descendant of Shem); from abar (see note K above). This is Hebrew, perhaps meaning a descendant of Eber.

^U “servant” = ebed. From abad (to work, serve, compel; any kind of work; used causatively, can mean to enslave or keep in bondage). This is a servant, slave, or bondservant.
^V “King” = melek. From malak (to be or become king or queen, to rise to the throne, to be crowned; by implication, to take counsel). This is king or royal.
^W “Saul” = Shaul. From shaal (to ask, inquire, beg, borrow, desire, request; can also mean demand). This is Saul or Shaul, meaning “asked of the Lord.”
^X “Israel” = Yisrael. Same as “Israelites” in v1. See note F above.

^Y “been” = hayah. This is to be or become, to happen.
^Z “days” = yom. Root may mean being hot. This is the day in a literal or figurative sense. It can also mean birth, age, daylight, continually or other references to time.
^AA “years” = shanah. From shana (to change, alter). This is a year, age, old. It can also mean yearly.

^BB “since” = yom. Same as “days” in v3. See note Z above.
^CC “deserted” = naphal. This is to fall, whether by accident, to fall prostrate, or to fall in violent death. Figuratively, it can refer to personal ruin or calamity, a city falling, an attack or a falling away. It can also be a deep sleep or wasting away.
^DD “found” = matsa. This is to find, catch or acquire. It can also mean to come forth or appear. Figuratively, this can mean to meet or be together with.
^EE “fault” = meumah. From the same as mum (defect – an ethical one or a literal bodily one). Its root may mean to stain. This can mean a speck or fault. More broadly, it can also refer to anything or nothing.

^FF “were angry” = qatsaph. This is angry or provoked to wrath. It suggests a bursting into anger.
^GG “send…back” = shub. To turn back, return, turn away – literally or figuratively. Doesn’t necessarily imply going back to where you started from. This is also the root verb for the Hebrew word for repentance “teshubah.”
^HH “return” = shub. Same as “send…back” in v4. See note GG above.
^II “place” = maqom. From qum (to arise, stand, accomplish, establish, abide; rising against, getting up after being sick or asleep, arising from one state to another, becoming powerful, or rising for action; standing in a figurative sense). This is a standing, which is to say a spot or space a place. It can also refer to a locality or a physical/mental condition. HaMaqom is also a Jewish name for God – the place, i.e. the Omnipresent One.

^JJ “assigned” = paqad. This is to attend to or visit – can be used for a friendly or violent encounter. So, it can be to oversee, care for, avenge, or charge.
^KK “go down” = yarad. This is to go down, descend; going down in a literal or figurative sense. It can be going to the shore or a boundary, bringing down an enemy.
^LL “battle” = milchamah. From lacham (to eat or feed on; figuratively, to battle as a kind of consumption/destruction). This is battle, war, fighting, or one who fights (i.e. a warrior).
^MM “become” = hayah. Same as “been” in v3. See note Y above.
^NN “adversary” = satan. Perhaps from satan (to be an adversary, attack, accuse, resist). This is adversary. It could be personal, in reference to political enemies, or refer to Satan.

^OO “reconcile” = ratsah. This is to be pleased with, delight, take pleasure in, or accept with favor. It can mean to approve or consent regarding something. It can also be used specifically of satisfying debts or being pardoned.
^PP “lord” = adon. From a root that means ruling or being sovereign. This is lord, master, or owner.
^QQ “heads” = rosh. This may come a word that means to shake. It is the head, captain, or chief. It can also be excellent or the forefront. It can be first in position or in statue or in time (i.e. the beginning).
^RR “men” = enosh. Related to “men” in v2. See note O above.

^SS “sing” = anah. This is answer, respond, announce, sing, shout, or testify. It means to pay attention, which implies responding and, by extension, starting to talk. Used in a specific sense for singing, shouting, testifying, etc.
^TT “dances” = mecholah. 8x in OT. From machol (round dance); from chul (whirling around so dancing as in a circle or writhing in pain; used particularly for the pain of childbirth or from writhing due to fear; can also be falling in pain or waiting). This is a dance.
^UU {untranslated} = amar. Same as “said” in v3. See note S above.
^VV “killed” = nakah. This is to hit whether lightly or severely. It can be used in a literal or figurative sense. So, this could be beat, punish, give wounds, kill, or slaughter.
^WW “ten thousands” = rebabah. 16x in OT. From rabab (being many or much, abounding, increasing, multiplying; cast together and so the sense of increasing, generally in number). This is abundance, a myriad. It can be an indefinite large amount or mean ten thousand or a million.

^XX “called” = qara. This is to call or call out – to call someone by name. Also used more broadly for calling forth.
^YY “Lord” = YHVH. Related to “been” in v3. From havah (to be, become) or hayah (see note Y above). This is the name of the God of Israel, the self-existent and eternal one, the tetragrammaton. This pronunciation has been lost to time so “Lord” is generally used in its place.
^ZZ “lives” = chay. From chayah (to live or keep alive literally or figuratively). This is alive, living, lifetime. It can also be used to describe someone’s age. It can refer to animals, plants, water, or a company or congregation of people. It is life in a very broad sense.

^AAA “honest” = yashar. From yashar (to be straight, right, even, smooth, or agreeable; figuratively, to make something pleasant or prosperous). This is straight, right, level. Also, it is pleasing, whether pleasing God or pleasing other people. So, it is upright or righteous.
^BBB “to me” = ayin. Same as “spring” in v1. See note H above.
^CCC “right” = tob. From tob (to be pleasing, to be good). This is good, beautiful, pleasant, agreeable, bountiful, at ease. This word is used for goodness as a concept, a good thing, a good person. This can refer to prosperity and welfare as well as joy, kindness, sweetness, and graciousness. So, this is ethically good, but also enjoyably good.

^DDD “march out” = yatsa. This is to go or come out, bring forth, appear. It is to go out in a literal or figurative sense.
^EEE “in” = bo. This is to enter, come in, advance, fulfill, bring offerings, enter to worship, attack. It can also have a sexual connotation.
^FFF “campaign” = machaneh. Same as “forces” in v1. See note D above.
^GGG “wrong” = ra’. From ra’a’ (to be evil, bad, afflict; properly, to spoil – to destroy by breaking into pieces; figuratively, to cause something to be worthless; this is bad in a physical, social, or moral sense; that which displeases, to do harm or mischief, to punish or vex). This is bad, disagreeable, that which causes pain, misery, something having little or no value, something that is ethically bad, wicked, injury, calamity. This refers to anything that is not what it ought to be – a natural disaster, a disfigurement, an injury, a sin.

^HHH “coming” = bo. Same as “in” in v6. See note EEE above.
^III “today” = yom. Same as “days” in v3. See note Z above.
^JJJ “nevertheless” = ayin. Same as “spring” in v1. See note H above.
^KKK “lords” = seren. Same as “lords” in v2. See note J above.
^LLL “approve” = tob. Same as “right’ in v6. See note CCC above.

^MMM “go back” = shub. Same as “send…back” in v4. See note GG above.
^NNN “so…now” = attah. Related to “sing” in v5. Perhaps from et (a period or season; whenever or continually); probably from anah (see note SS above). This is now, from now on.
^OOO “go” = halak. This is go, come, walk. It is walk literally and figuratively and includes people and animals. It can be used figuratively for one’s moral life – how we walk according to God’s way or against it. It can also refer to the walk of life as in the course one’s life takes, the choices we make, etc.
^PPP “peaceably” = shalom. From shalam (to be complete or sound; to have safety mentally, physically, or extending to one’s estate; so, if these things are safe and complete, the implication is that one would be friendly; and, if being friendly, one would make amends and that friendship would be reciprocated). This is completeness, soundness, welfare, favor, friend, good health. It is to be safe and figuratively well, happy, at peace, friendly. Abstractly, it includes the ideas of welfare and prosperity (not in excessive wealth, but in having enough).

^QQQ “do” = asah. This is to make, do, act, appoint, become in many senses.
^RRR “displease” = ra’. Same as “wrong” in v6. See note GGG above.
^SSS “lords” = seren. Same as “lords” in v2. See note J above.
^TTT “entered…service” = hayah + paneh. Literally, “been with you.” Hayah is the same as “been” in v3. See note Y above. Paneh is from panah (to turn, face, appear). This is face in a literal or figurative sense. It could be face, presence, anger, respect. It can also be used of God to indicate divine favor or presence.
^UUU “now” = yom. Same as “days” in v3. See note Z above.

^VVV “go” = bo. Same as “in” in v6. See note EEE above.
^WWW “fight” = lacham. Related to “battle” in v4. See note LL above.
^XXX “enemies” = oyeb. From ayab (to hate or be hostile to). This is a foe or enemy as one that you are hostile to.
^YYY “lord” = adon. Same as “lord” in v4. See note PP above.

^ZZZ “replied” = anah. Same as “sing” in v5. See note SS above.
^AAAA {untranslated} = amar. Same as “said” in v3. See note S above.
^BBBB “know” = yada. This is to know, acknowledge, advise, answer, be aware, be acquainted with. Properly, this is to figure something out by seeing. It includes ideas of observation, recognition, and care about something. It can be used causatively for instruction, designation, and punishment.
^CCCC “blameless” = tob. Same as “right’ in v6. See note CCC above.
^DDDD “sight” = ayin. Same as “spring” in v1. See note H above.

^EEEE “angel” = malak. This is a messenger, an angel, or a deputy of some kind. Can be used for human messengers literally or for prophets, priests, or teachers as messengers of God. Also used for supernatural messengers i.e. angels.
^FFFF “God” = Elohim. Related to “Israelites” and “Jezreel” in v1. See note F above.
^GGGG “nevertheless” = ak. Related to aken (surely, truly, nevertheless); from kun (properly, in a perpendicular position; literally, to establish, fix, fasten, prepare; figuratively, it is certainty, to be firm, faithfulness, render sure or prosperous). This is a positive statement – surely, also, certainly, alone, only.
^HHHH “go up” = alah. This is to go up, approach, ascend, be high, be a priority; to arise in a literal or figurative sense.

^IIII “now then” = attah. Same as “so…now” in v7. See note NNN above.
^JJJJ “rise early” = shakam. This is leaning one’s shoulder into a burden or load, whether a person or an animal. Thus, it meant starting or rising early.
^KKKK “morning” = boqer. From baqar (to seek, plow, break forth, admire, care for). This refers to the break of day. So it is dawn, early, morning, or morrow.
^LLLL “lord” = adon. Same as “lord” in v4. See note PP above.
^MMMM “start early” = shakam. Same as “rise early” in v10. See note JJJJ above.

^NNNN “leave” = halak. Same as “go” in v7. See note OOO above.
^OOOO “have light” = or. This is to light, shine, set on fire – to be luminous in a literal or figurative sense.
^PPPP “set out” = halak. Same as “go” in v7. See note OOO above.
^QQQQ “men” = enosh. Same as “men” in v4. See note RR above.
^RRRR “early” = shakam. Same as “rise early” in v10. See note JJJJ above.
^SSSS “land” = erets. Root may mean to be firm. This is earth, ground, field land, or country.