Judges 2

^I “angel” = malak. This is a messenger, an angel, or a deputy of some kind. Can be used for human messengers literally or for prophets, priests, or teachers as messengers of God. Also used for supernatural messengers i.e. angels.
^II “Lord” = YHVH. From havah (to be, become) or hayah (to come to pass, become, be). This is the name of the God of Israel, the self-existent and eternal one, the tetragrammaton. This pronunciation has been lost to time so “Lord” is generally used in its place.
^III “went up” = alah. This is to go up, approach, ascend, be high, be a priority; to arise in a literal or figurative sense.
^IV “Gilgal” = Gilgal. From galgal (wheel, wagon, whirl, whirlwind; something that rolls); from galal (to roll, roll away, wallow, commit, remove; rolling in a literal or figurative sense). This is Gilgal – perhaps circle of stones.
^V “Bochim” = Bokim. 2x in OT – both in this passage. From bakah (to weep, complain, lament). This is Bochim, a place whose name means “weepers.”

^VI “said” = amar. This is to speak, say, answer, command, promise, report.
^VII “brought…up” = alah. Same as “went up” in v1. See note III above.
^VIII “Egypt” = Mitsrayim. Perhaps from matsor (besieged or fortified place, bulwark, entrenchment; something hemmed in; a siege or distress or fastness); from tsur (to confine, besiege, to cramp). This is Egypt.
^IX “brought” = bo. This is to enter, come in, advance, fulfill, bring offerings, enter to worship, attack. It can also have a sexual connotation.
^X “land” = erets. Root may mean to be firm. This is earth, ground, field land, or country.
^XI “promised” = shaba. Perhaps from sheba (seven – the number of perfection/sacred fullness). This is to swear, curse, vow, make a covenant. Properly, it can mean to be complete. This is to seven oneself – as in affirming something so strongly it is as though it were said seven times.
^XII “ancestors” = ab. This is father, chief, or ancestor. It is father in a literal or figurative sense.

^XIII “never” = lo…olam. Olam is a long scope of time whether in the past (antiquity, ancient time) or in the future (eternal, everlasting).
^XIV “break” = aphar. May be related to aphar (to throw dust, be dust). This is dust as powdered, perhaps gray colored. It could be ashes, powder, ground, dry earth, clay mud, or rubbish.
^XV “covenant” = berit. Perhaps from barah (to eat, choose, make clear); perhaps from bar (grain, wheat); from barar (to select, purify, cleanse, test, brighten, polish). This is a compact, covenant, alliance, treaty, or league.
^XVI “make” = karat. This is to cut down, cut off, or make a covenant (idiom for making a covenant is “to cut a covenant”). It can also mean to destroy, fail, or consume.
^XVII “inhabitants” = yashab. This is to sit and so to remain and so to dwell. It is sitting for any reason – as a judge, in order to ambush, or just sitting quietly. Causatively, this can mean settling or marrying. This can also mean continue, endure, or establish.

^XVIII “tear down” = nathats. This is to pull down, demolish, break down, raze, overthrow.
^XIX “altars” = mizbeach. From zabach (to kill, slay, offer; slaughtering an animal to offer as a sacrifice). This is an altar.
^XX “obeyed” = shama. This is to hear, call, consent, or consider. It implies listening intelligently, giving attention, and, because of these two factors, obedience and action are often implied.
^XXI “command” = qol. This is a sound, used often for human voices. Also used when God speaks or angels, animals or instruments. It can be a cry or a noise, thunder or earthquakes and so on.

^XXII “see” = zot. Literally, likewise, so much, that.
^XXIII “done” = asah. This is to make, do, act, appoint, become in many senses.
^XXIV “so” = gam. This is also, moreover, again.
^XXV “drive…out” = garash. This is to cast out or expel. It can be to exile someone or to divorce them.
^XXVI “before” = paneh. From panah (to turn, face, appear). This is face in a literal or figurative sense. It could be face, presence, anger, respect. It can also be used of God to indicate divine favor or presence.

^XXVII “become” = hayah. Related to “Lord” in v1. See note II above.
^XXVIII “adversaries” = tsad. Root may mean to sidle. This is a side or an arm. It can also be used to mean beside or, figuratively, an adversary.
^XXIX “gods” = elohim.
^XXX “be” = hayah. Same as “become” in v3. See note XXVII above.
^XXXI “snare” = moqesh. From yaqosh (ensnare, lay bait, lure, trapper; to snare literally or figuratively). This is bait, barb, snare, trap; a noose or hook to trap animals in a literal or figurative sense.

^XXXII {untranslated} = hayah. Same as “become” in v3. See note XXVII above.
^XXXIII “spoke” = dabar. This is generally to speak, answer, declare, or command. It might mean to arrange and so to speak in a figurative sense as arranging words.
^XXXIV “words” = dabar. Related to “spoke” in v4. From dabar (see note XXXIII above). This is speech, a word, a matter, an affair, charge, command, message, promise, purpose, report, request. It is a word, which implies things that are spoken of in a wide sense.
^XXXV “all” = kol. From kalal (to complete). This is all or every.
^XXXVI “Israelites” = ben + Yisrael. Literally, “children of Israel.” Ben is from banah (to build or obtain children). This is son, age, child. It is son in a literal or figurative sense. Yisrael is related to “gods” in v3. From sarah (to persist, exert oneself, contend, persevere, wrestle, prevail) + El (see note XXIX above). This is Israel, meaning God strives or one who strives with God; new name for Jacob and for his offspring. This refers to the people and to the land.

^XXXVII “people” = am. From amam (to darken, hide, associate; creating shadows by huddling together). This is people or nation. It can be used specifically for a tribe, collectively of troops or armies, or figuratively to refer to a flock of animals.
^XXXVIII “lifted up” = nasa. This is to lift in a broad sense, literally and figuratively. So it could be to carry, take, or arise. It could also be bring forth, advance, accept.
^XXXIX “voices” = qol. Same as “command” in v2. See note XXI above.
^XL “wept” = bakah. Related to “Bochim” in v1. See note V above.

^XLI “named” = qara + shem. Qara is to call or call out – to call someone by name. Also used more broadly for calling forth. Shem may be from sum (to put, place, set). This is name, fame, renown. A name was thought to indicate something essential about a person – something about their individuality. So, this word can also mean honor, authority, or character.
^XLII “place” = maqom. From qum (to arise, stand, accomplish, establish, abide; rising against, getting up after being sick or asleep, arising from one state to another, becoming powerful, or rising for action; standing in a figurative sense). This is a standing, which is to say a spot or space a place. It can also refer to a locality or a physical/mental condition. HaMaqom is also a Jewish name for God – the place, i.e. the Omnipresent One.
^XLIII “sacrificed” = zabach. Related to “altars” in v2. See note XIX above.

^XLIV “Joshua” = Yehoshua. Related to “Lord” in v1 & “become” in v3. From YHVH (see note II above) + yasha (to deliver, defend, help, preserve, rescue; properly, to be open, wide or free, which implies being safe. So, in a causative sense, this is to free someone). This is Joshua, Jeshua, or Yehoshua, which means “the Lord is salvation.”
^XLV “dismissed” = shalach. This is to send out, away, send for, forsake. It can also mean to divorce or set a slave free.
^XLVI “all” = ish. Perhaps from enosh (human, humankind, mortal); from anash (to be weak, sick, or frail). This is man, husband, another, or humankind.
^XLVII “went” = halak. This is go, come, walk. It is walk literally and figuratively and includes people and animals. It can be used figuratively for one’s moral life – how we walk according to God’s way or against it. It can also refer to the walk of life as in the course one’s life takes, the choices we make, etc.

^XLVIII “inheritances” = nachalah. Related to nachal (to inherit, occupy, distribute, take as heritage). This is properly something that was inherited. It can mean occupancy generally or, more particularly, an heirloom or an estate. This can be an inheritance, gift, possession, or portion.
^XLIX “take possession” = yarash. This is inheriting or dispossessing. It refers to occupying or colonizing – taking territory by driving out the previous inhabitants and living there instead of them. By implication, it can mean to seize or rob, to expel, ruin, or impoverish.
^L “served” = abad. This is to work, serve, or compel. It can describe any kind of work or service (including religious devotion).  Also, till or cultivate. Used causatively, it can mean to enslave or keep in bondage.
^LI “all” = kol. Same as “all” in v4. See note XXXV above.
^LII “days” = yom. Root may mean being hot. This is the day in a literal or figurative sense. It can also mean birth, age, daylight, continually or other references to time.

^LIII “all” = kol. Same as “all” in v4. See note XXXV above.
^LIV “elders” = zaqen. From the same as zaqan (beard or chin – the beard represents old age). This is old, aged, or elder.
^LV “outlived” = arak + yom + achar. Arak is to continue, lengthen prolong, delay, or endure. It is being long or causing something to be long in a literal or figurative sense. Yom is the same as “days” in v7. See note LII above. Achar is from achar (to remain behind, linger, continue, be behind, or delay; can also imply procrastination). This is after or the last part, following.

^LVI “seen” = raah. This is to see in a literal or figurative sense so stare, advise, think, view.
^LVII “all” = kol. Same as “all” in v4. See note XXXV above.
^LVIII “great” = gadol. From gadal (to grow up, become great, become wealthy – to advance. The root meaning may be to twist in the sense of the process of growing). This is great, high, bigger, noble, old, marvelous. It can also refer to someone who is powerful or distinguished.
^LIX “work” = maaseh. Related to “done” in v2. From asah (see note XXIII above). This is a work – any action whether positive or negative. It can also be a transaction, construction, activity, property, or something that is produced.

^LX “son” = ben. Same as “Israelites” in v4. See note XXXVI above.
^LXI “Nun” = Nun. From nun (to propagate, continue, resprout, be perpetual). This is Nun or Non, meaning “perpetuity.”
^LXII “servant” = ebed. Related to “served” in v7. From abad (see note L above). This is a servant, slave, or bondservant.
^LXIII “died” = mut. This is to die in a literal or figurative sense. It can also refer to being a dead body.
^LXIV “age” = ben. Same as “Israelites” in v4. See note XXXVI above.

^LXV “one hundred” = meah. This is hundred or some number times one hundred (i.e. hundredfold or the base of two hundred, three hundred, etc.).
^LXVI “ten” = eser. Perhaps from asar (to tithe, render a tenth of). This is ten or -teen. While 7 is symbolically the number of perfection, ten is also symbolically a number of perfection (but to a lesser degree than 7 is).
^LXVII “years” = shanah. From shana (to change, alter). This is a year, age, old. It can also mean yearly.
^LXVIII “buried” = qabar. This is to bury or inter. It could also refer to the person who does the burying.
^LXIX “bounds” = gebul. Perhaps from gabal (to border, twist like rope). This is boundary, limit, coast, space. Properly, it is a line that is twisted, which implies a boundary and, by extension, the boundaries of a territory or other enclosed space.

^LXX “Timnath-heres” = Timnath-heres. 3x in OT – 2x in Joshua & 1x in Judges. From Timnah (Timnah, the name of several cities, “territory” or “allotted portion”); {from manah (to weigh out, reckon, count, number, set, tell. By implication, it is allotting or providing something officially)} + cheres (may come from a word meaning to scrape; an itch, the sun). This is Timnath-heres, a village whose name may mean “territory of the sun” or “portion of the sun.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Timnah.html & https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Timnath-serah.html
^LXXI “hill country” = har. From harar (hill or mountain). This is mountain, hill, hilly region.
^LXXII “Ephraim” = Ephrayim. From the same as epher (ashes or dust – properly something strewn) OR from parah (to grow, increase, be fruitful in a literal or figurative sense). This is Ephraim, one of Joseph’s sons, his descendants, and their land.

^LXXIII “north” = tsaphon. From tsaphan (to hide, hoard, reserve; to cover over or figuratively to deny; also to lurk). This is properly hidden, dark, or gloomy. It can also be used to refer to the north.
^LXXIV “Mount” = har. Same as “hill country” in v9. See note LXXI above.
^LXXV “Gaash” = Gaash. 4x in OT. From gaash (to shake, quake, move, trouble, surge, agitate violently). This is Gaash, a mountain whose name means “a quaking.”
^LXXVI “moreover” = gam. Same as “so” in v3. See note XXIV above.
^LXXVII “whole” = kol. Same as “all” in v4. See note XXXV above.
^LXXVIII “generation” = dor. From dur (to move in a circle, which implies living somewhere or remaining there; it can also be the sense of piling or heaping up). This is a revolution of time, which is to say, an age or generation. It can also be a dwelling or one’s posterity.

^LXXIX “gathered” = asaph. This is to gather, assemble, or bring. It can also mean to take away, destroy, or remove.
^LXXX “another” = acher. Related to “outlived” in v7. From achar (see note LV above). This is following, next, strange, other.
^LXXXI “grew up” = qum. Related to “place” in v5. See note XLII above.
^LXXXII “after” = achar. Same as “outlived” in v7. See note LV above.
^LXXXIII “know” = yada. This is to know, acknowledge, advise, answer, be aware, be acquainted with. Properly, this is to figure something out by seeing. It includes ideas of observation, recognition, and care about something. It can be used causatively for instruction, designation, and punishment.
^LXXXIV “or” = gam. Same as “so” in v3. See note XXIV above.

^LXXXV “evil” = ra’. From ra’a’ (to be evil, bad, afflict; properly, to spoil – to destroy by breaking into pieces; figuratively, to cause something to be worthless; this is bad in a physical, social, or moral sense; that which displeases, to do harm or mischief, to punish or vex). This is bad, disagreeable, that which causes pain, misery, something having little or no value, something that is ethically bad, wicked, injury, calamity. This refers to anything that is not what it ought to be – a natural disaster, a disfigurement, an injury, a sin.
^LXXXVI “sight” = ayin. This is eye in a literal or figurative sense so eye, appearance, favor, or a fountain (the eye of the landscape).
^LXXXVII “Baals” = Baal. From the same as ba’al (lord, owner, ally, or archer); from ba’al (to marry, have dominion, be master). This is Baal, literally “lord,” a Phoenician god.

^LXXXVIII “abandoned” = azab. To loosen, relinquish, permit, forsake, fail, leave destitute.
^LXXXIX “God” = Elohim. Same as “gods” in v3. See note XXIX above.
^XC “brought” = yatsa. This is to go or come out, bring forth, appear. It is to go out in a literal or figurative sense.
^XCI “followed” = halak + achar. Halak is the same as “went” in v6. See note XLVII above. Achar is the same as “outlived” in v7. See note LV above.
^XCII “other” = acher. Same as “another” in v10. See note LXXX above.
^XCIII “all around” = sabib. From sabab (turning around, going around; to surround, cast, walk, fetch; to revolve or border in a literal or figurative sense). This is a circuit or a circle. It could refer to an environment, one’s neighbors, or a circular path round about.

^XCIV “bowed down” = shachah. This is to bow down, make a humble entreaty, to do homage to royalty or to God.
^XCV “provoked…to anger” = kaas. This is to provoke, be angry, grieve, trouble.
^XCVI “Astartes” = Ashtaroth. 12x in OT. From ashtrah (young, enlarge a flock); from ashath (to think) or ashar (to gain wealth, become rich, enrich; to accumulate) OR {from ashat (form a union that is cohesive or solid) + torah (Torah, instruction, law); {from yarah (to throw, shoot, be stunned; to flow as water so figuratively to instruct or teach)}}. This is Ashtaroth, a location and the name of a Sidonian goddess, also called Astarte. It may mean “Astarte” or “unions of instructions” or “clusters of one law.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Ashtaroth.html

^XCVII “anger” = aph. From anaph (to be angry; properly, breathing hard as a signifier of being enraged). This properly refers to the nose or nostril and by extension the face. It can specifically refer to anger or wrath as one breathes hard and nostrils flare in times of great anger.
^XCVIII “kindled” = charah. Perhaps related to charar (to be hot, burn, glow, melt, be scorched; figuratively, to incite passion, be angry). This is to be displeased, burn with anger, glow, become warn. Figuratively it is a blaze of anger, zeal, or jealousy.
^XCIX “gave…over” = natan + yad. Natan is to give, put, set, offer. It is to give literally or figuratively. Yad is hand, ability, power. Hand in a literal sense, but also what one can do or the means by which one does it.
^C “plunderers” = shasah. 11x in OT. This is to spoil, pillage, rob, or destroyer.
^CI “plundered” = shasas. 5x in OT. This is to rifle, loot, or spoil.

^CII “sold” = makar. This is to sell – could be commerce/trade, a daughter to be married, someone into slavery. Figuratively, it can mean to surrender.
^CIII “power” = yad. Same as “gave…over” in v14. See note XCIX above.
^CIV “enemies” = oyeb. From ayab (to hate or be hostile to). This is a foe or enemy as one that you are hostile to.
^CV “could” = yakol. This is to be able, endure, overcome, prevail.
^CVI “longer” = od. From ud (to admonish, repeat, duplicate, testify, restore, record, relieve). This is still, yet, again, more.
^CVII “withstand” = amad + paneh. Amad is to stand up in a literal or figurative sense. So it can be establish, continue, endure, take a stand, act, be a servant, stand still, remain, stand against an enemy. Paneh is from panah (to turn, face, appear). This is face in a literal or figurative sense. It could be face, presence, anger, respect. It can also be used of God to indicate divine favor or presence.

^CVIII “whenever” = kol. Same as “all” in v4. See note XXXV above.
^CIX “marched out” = yatsa. Same as “brought” in v12. See note XC above.
^CX “hand” = yad. Same as “gave…over” in v14. See note XCIX above.
^CXI “bring” = hayah. Same as “become” in v3. See note XXVII above.
^CXII “misfortune” = ra’. Same as “evil” in v11. See note LXXXV above.

^CXIII “warned” = dabar. Same as “spoke” in v4. See note XXXIII above.
^CXIV {untranslated} = YHVH. Same as “Lord” in v1. See note II above.
^CXV “sworn” = shaba. Same as “promised” in v1. See note XI above.
^CXVI “great” = meod. Perhaps from the same as uwd (firebrand, a poker). This is very, greatly, exceedingly. It can also mean vehemence, force, abundance.
^CXVII “were in…distress” = yatsar. 10x in OT. From the same as tsarar (to bind, restrict, narrow, be cramped, an adversary). This is to be narrow, pressed on. In a figurative sense, it can refer to being vexed or in distress.

^CXVIII “raised up” = qum. Same as “grew up” in v10. See note LXXXI above.
^CXIX “judges” = shaphat. This is to judge, defend, pronounce judgment, condemn, or govern. It can refer to God judging or to human judges. This is pronouncing a verdict in favor or against so it implies consequences or punishment. It can also mean to litigate or govern as one with authority.
^CXX “delivered” = yasha. Related to “Joshua” in v6. See note XLIV above.
^CXXI “plundered” = shasah. Same as “plunderers” in v14. See note C above.

^CXXII “yet” = gam. Same as “so” in v3. See note XXIV above.
^CXXIII “listen” = shama. Same as “obeyed” in v2. See note XX above.
^CXXIV “lusted” = zanah. This is to fornicate, commit adultery, be a prostitute. Figuratively, it can mean committing idolatry.
^CXXV “soon” = maher. 18x in OT. From mahar (being liquid, which implies flowing; so, hurrying forward, whether in a positive or negative sense). This is speedy, quickly, soon, suddenly, or at once.
^CXXVI “turned aside” = sur. This is to turn aside in a literal or figurative sense – to depart, decline, rebel, remove, or withdraw.

^CXXVII “way” = derek. From darak (to tread, march, to walk. Can also mean affixing a string to a box since one needs to step on it to bend it in the process; so also an archer). This is a road as a thing that is walked on. Can be used figuratively for the path that one’s life takes or how one chooses to live one’s life.
^CXXVIII “walked” = halak. Same as “went” in v6. See note XLVII above.
^CXXIX “commandments” = mitsvah. From tsavah (to charge, command, order, enjoin). This is a commandment, law, ordinance obligation, or tradition. It is something commanded whether by God or by a human authority. This term is sometimes used collectively to refer to the Law.
^CXXX “follow” = asah. Same as “done” in v2. See note XXIII above.
^CXXXI “example” = ken. Perhaps from kun (properly, in a perpendicular position; literally, to establish, fix, fasten, prepare; figuratively, it is certainty, to be firm, faithfulness, render sure or prosperous). This is to set upright. Generally used figuratively to mean thus, so, afterwards, rightly so.

^CXXXII “all” = kol. Same as “all” in v4. See note XXXV above.
^CXXXIII “moved to pity” = nacham. Properly, this is a strong breath or a sigh. This can be to be sorry, to pity, console. Comfort, or repent. But, one can also comfort oneself with less righteous thoughts, so this can also mean to avenge oneself.
^CXXXIV “groaning” = neaqah. 4x in OT – 2x in Exodus, 1x in Judges, & 1x in Ezekiel. From naaq (to groan). This is groaning.
^CXXXV “those” = paneh. Same as “before” in v3. See note XXVI above.
^CXXXVI “persecuted” = lachats. 19x in OT. This is to press or squeeze. Figuratively, it is oppress, afflict, or distress.
^CXXXVII “oppressed” = dachaq. 2x in OT – 1x in Judges & 1x in Joel. This is to press, crowd, or oppress.

^CXXXVIII {untranslated} = hayah. Same as “become” in v3. See note XXVII above.
^CXXXIX “relapse” = shub. To turn back, return, turn away – literally or figuratively. Doesn’t necessarily imply going back to where you started from. This is also the root verb for the Hebrew word for repentance “teshubah.”
^CXL “behave worse” = shachath. This is to go to ruin, perish, decay, batter, cast off, lose, one who destroys. This can be used in a literal or figurative sense.
^CXLI “following” = halak + achar. Same as “followed” in v7. See note XCI above.

^CXLII “drop” = naphal. This is to fall, whether by accident, to fall prostrate, or to fall in violent death. Figuratively, it can refer to personal ruin or calamity, a city falling, an attack or a falling away. It can also be a deep sleep or wasting away.
^CXLIII “practices” = maalal. From alal (to affect, do, practice, mock, overdo, glean, abuse, pain). This is some kind of deed, action, invention or practice whether good or bad.
^CXLIV “stubborn” = qasheh. From qashah (to be fierce, cruel, dense, tough, severe). This is hard, severe, heavy, obstinate, hard-hearted.

^CXLV “nation” = goy. From the same root as gevah (the back, person, or body); related to gev (among); related to gaah (to rise up). This is nation or people. Often used to refer to Gentiles or foreign nations. It can also be used figuratively for a group of animals. This is where the Yiddish “goy” comes from.
^CXLVI “transgressed” = abar. This is to pass over or cross over. It is used for transitions, whether literal or figurative. It can also mean to escape, alienate, or fail. This is the root verb from which “Hebrew” is drawn.
^CXLVII “commanded” = tsavah. Related to “commandments” in v17. See note CXXIX above.

^CXLVIII {untranslated} = gam. Same as “so” in v3. See note XXIV above.
^CXLIX “longer” = yasaph. This is to add, increase, continue, exceed.
^CL “any” = ish. Same as “all” in v6. See note XLVI above.
^CLI “left” = azab. Same as “abandoned” in v12. See note LXXXVIII above.
^CLII “test” = nasah. This is to test, prove, try, tempt, or attempt.
^CLIII “take care” = shamar. This is to keep, watch, or preserve. It means to guard something or to protect it as a thorny hedge protects something.
^CLIV “did” = shamar. Same as “take care” in v22. See note CLIII above.

^CLV “left” = yanach. Perhaps from the same as nuach (to rest, calm, camp, free, place, remain, satisfy, settle, station, or wait; implies settling down in a literal or figurative sense). This is to lay down, let alone, pacify, cast down, or deposit. It can also mean to allow something or someone to stay.
^CLVI “not” = bilti. From balah (to grow old, wear out, consume, waste, enjoy, fail, decay). This is nothing, not, lest, or except. From its root, it means “a failure of” – used for negative particles.
^CLVII “at once” = maher. Same as “soon” in v17. See note CXXV above.
^CLVIII “handed…over” = natan + yad. Same as “gave…over” in v14. See note XCIX above.