Leviticus 27

^I “Lord” = YHVH. From havah (to be, become) or hayah (to come to pass, become, be). This is the name of the God of Israel, the self-existent and eternal one, the tetragrammaton. This pronunciation has been lost to time so “Lord” is generally used in its place.
^II “spoke” = dabar. This is generally to speak, answer, declare, or command. It might mean to arrange and so to speak in a figurative sense as arranging words.
^III “Moses” = Mosheh. From mashah (to pull out in a literal or figurative sense, to draw out) OR from Egyptian mes or mesu (child, son i.e. child of…). This is Moses – the one drawn out from the water, which is to say, rescued. If derived from the Egyptian, his name would share a root with Rameses and Thutmose.

^IV “Israelites” = ben + Yisrael. Literally, “children of Israel.” Ben is from banah (to build or obtain children). This is son, age, child. It is son in a literal or figurative sense. Yisrael is from sarah (to persist, exert oneself, contend, persevere, wrestle, prevail) + el (God or god). This is Israel, meaning God strives or one who strives with God; new name for Jacob and for his offspring. This refers to the people and to the land.
^V “person” = ish. Perhaps from enosh (human, humankind, mortal); from anash (to be weak, sick, or frail). This is man, husband, another, or humankind.
^VI “makes” = pala. From pele (wonder, miracle, wonderful, marvelous thing). This is to be extraordinary, to arise, to be great or accomplish.

^VII “explicit vow” = neder. From nadar (to vow or promise). This is a vow – literally, that which was promised.
^VIII “equivalent” = erek. From arak (to arrange by setting in a row; to set a battle, estimate, put in order, or compare). This is order, arrangement, price, estimate, value. It refers to something that is brought into order.
^IX “human being” = nephesh. Related to naphash (to refresh or be refreshed). This is soul, self, person, emotion. It is a breathing creature. Can also refer to appetites and desires.

^X “male” = zakar. From zakar (to remember, to mark something so that it can be recalled, to be mindful of, to mention). This is male. Properly, perhaps, it means one who is remembered, which is to say a male.
^XI “be” = hayah. Related to “Lord” in v1. See note I above.
^XII “twenty” = esrim. From the same as eser (ten, tenth). This is twenty or twentieth.
^XIII “sixty” = shishshim. From shesh (six; figuratively, a surplus since it is one more than the number of fingers on the hand). This is sixty.
^XIV “years” = shanah. From shana (to change, alter). This is a year, age, old. It can also mean yearly.

^XV “age” = ben. Same” as “Israelites” in v2. See note IV above.
^XVI “fifty” = chamishshim. From chamesh (five, fifth). This is fifty.
^XVII “shekels” = sheqel. From shaqal (to weigh, spend, trade). This is shekel or sheqel. It is a unit of weight, generally used in trade.
^XVIII “silver” = keseph. From kasaph (to long for, be greedy; to become pale). This is silver or money.
^XIX “sanctuary” = qodesh. This is set apart and so sacred. God is different from us and so God is holy/set apart. Things we dedicate to God’s service are set apart for God and so they, too, are holy, etc.

^XX “female” = neqebah. From naqab (to pierce, bore holes, puncture; to make a hole more or less forcefully; also to curse or libel). This is female or woman from an anatomical reference.
^XXI “thirty” = sheloshim. From the same as shalosh (three, fork, triad). This is thirty or thirtieth.
^XXII “five” = chamesh. Related to “fifty” in v3. See note XVI above.
^XXIII “ten” = eser. Related to “twenty” in v3. See note XII above.

^XXIV “month” = chodesh. From chadash (to renew, repair). This refers to a new moon. It can also mean monthly.
^XXV “three” = shalosh. Related to “thirty” in v4. See note XXI above.
^XXVI “over” = maal. From alah (to go up, ascend, be high, be a priority; to arise in a literal or figurative sense). This is the upper part, forward, high above, upwards, greater, heaven, or exceedingly.
^XXVII “fifteen” = chamesh + asar. Chamesh is the same as “five” in v5. See note XXII above. Asar is related to “twenty” in v3 & “ten” in v5. From the same as eser (see note XII above). This is -teen or -teenth.

^XXVIII “cannot afford” = muk. 5x in OT – all in Leviticus 25 & 27. The is to become thin, which implies growing poor.
^XXIX “brought” = amad. This is to stand up in a literal or figurative sense. So it can be establish, continue, endure, take a stand, act, be a servant, stand still, remain, stand against an enemy.
^XXX “before” = paneh. From panah (to turn, face, appear). This is face in a literal or figurative sense. It could be face, presence, anger, respect. It can also be used of God to indicate divine favor or presence.
^XXXI “priest” = kohen. This is literally the one who officiates i.e. the priest. This is where the Jewish last name “Cohen” (and its variants) comes from.

^XXXII “assess” = arak. Related to “equivalent” in v2. See note VIII above.
^XXXIII “each one” = peh. This is mouth in a literal or figurative sense. So, more literally, it can be beak or jaws. More figuratively, it refers to speech, commands, or promises.
^XXXIV “making a vow” = nadar. Related to “explicit vow” in v2. See note VII above.
^XXXV “afford” = nasag + yad. Nasag is to reach in a literal or figurative sense. It is to overtake, catch, or be able to. Yad is hand, ability, power. Hand in a literal sense, but also what one can do or the means by which one does it.

^XXXVI “animal” = behemah. This is animal or cattle. It is often used of large quadrupeds.
^XXXVII “brought” = qarab. This is to come near, offer, make ready, approach, take.
^XXXVIII “offering” = qorban. Related to “brought” in v9. From qarab (see note XXXVII above). This is an oblation or offering, which is to say, a sacrifice.
^XXXIX “any” = kol. From kalal (to complete). This is all or every.
^XL “given” = natan. This is to give, put, set, offer. It is to give literally or figuratively.
^XLI “holy” = qodesh. Same as “sanctuary” in v3. See note XIX above.

^XLII “exchanged” = chalaph. This is to slide by or rush like a flood. It can mean to pass through, change, sprout, renew, break a promise, pierce, or violate.
^XLIII “substituted” = mur. 15x in OT. This is to change, substitute, stand by, alter, remove.
^XLIV “good” = tob. From tob (to be pleasing, to be good). This is good, beautiful, pleasant, agreeable, bountiful, at ease. This word is used for goodness as a concept, a good thing, a good person. This can refer to prosperity and welfare as well as joy, kindness, sweetness, and graciousness. So, this is ethically good, but also enjoyably good.
^XLV “bad” = ra’. From ra’a’ (to be evil, bad, afflict; properly, to spoil – to destroy by breaking into pieces; figuratively, to cause something to be worthless; this is bad in a physical, social, or moral sense; that which displeases, to do harm or mischief, to punish or vex). This is bad, disagreeable, that which causes pain, misery, something having little or no value, something that is ethically bad, wicked, injury, calamity. This refers to anything that is not what it ought to be – a natural disaster, a disfigurement, an injury, a sin.

^XLVI “substituted” = mur + mur. Same as “substituted” in v10. See note XLIII above. The word is repeated twice – the first time as an Infinitive Absolute. The Infinitive Absolute serves to emphasize the sentiment of the word. It is rather like Foghorn Leghorn’s speech pattern, “I said, I said.”
^XLVII “another” = behemah. Same as “animal” in v9. See note XXXVI above. This is animal or cattle. It is often used of large quadrupeds.
^XLVIII “substitute” = temurah. Related to “substituted” in v10. 6x in OT– 2x in Leviticus, 1x in Ruth, 3x in Job.  From mur (see note XLIII above). This is a substitute, exchange, trading, or recompense.

^XLIX “unclean” = tame. From tame (to defile, be unclean, pollute in a ritual or ethical sense). This is unclean, ill, or ritually impure.
^L “brought” = qarab. Same as “brought” in v9. See note XXXVII above.
^LI “presented” = amad. Same as “brought” in v8. See note XXIX above.
^LII “before” = paneh. Same as “before” in v8. See note XXX above.

^LIII “whether” = bayin. From bin (to discern, consider, attend to; distinguishing things in one’s mind or, more generally, to understand). This is among, between, interval.
^LIV {untranslated} = bayin. Same as “whether” in v12. See note LIII above.
^LV “assessment” = erek. Same as “equivalent” in v2. See note VIII above.
^LVI “so” = ken. Perhaps from kun (properly, in a perpendicular position; literally, to establish, fix, fasten, prepare; figuratively, it is certainty, to be firm, faithfulness, render sure or prosperous). This is to set upright. Generally used figuratively to mean thus, so, afterwards, rightly so.

^LVII “redeemed” = gaal + gaal. This is to redeem someone or something according to kinship laws. So, it could be acting on a relative’s behalf to buy back their property, to marry one’s brother’s widow, etc. This could be more briefly translated as to redeem, acts as kinsman, or purchase. As a noun, it could be deliverer or avenger. The word is repeated twice – the first time as an Infinitive Absolute. The Infinitive Absolute serves to emphasize the sentiment of the word. It is rather like Foghorn Leghorn’s speech pattern, “I said, I said.”
^LVIII “one-fifth” = chamishi. Related to “fifty” in v3 & “five” in v5. From chamesh (see note XVI above). This is one-fifth.
^LIX “added” = yasaph. This is to add, increase, continue, exceed.

^LX “person” = ish. Same as “person” in v2. See note V above.
^LXI “consecrates” = qadash…qodesh. Qadash is related to “sanctuary” in v3. From qodesh (see note XIX above). This is set apart, consecrated, hallowed, sanctified. This is something or someone that is set apart for a holy purpose or use – ceremonially or morally clean. Qodesh is the same as “sanctuary” in v3. See note XIX above.
^LXII “house” = bayit. Related to “Israelites” in v2. Probably from banah (see note IV above). This is house, court, family, palace, temple.
^LXIII “stand” = qum. To arise, stand, accomplish, establish, abide. This is rising as in rising against, getting up after being sick or asleep, arising from one state to another, becoming powerful, or rising for action. It can also be standing in a figurative sense.
^LXIV “value” = keseph. Same as “silver” in v3. See note XVIII above.
^LXV “revert to the original owner” = hayah. Same as “be” in v3. See note XI above.

^LXVI “person” = ish. Same as “person” in v2. See note V above.
^LXVII “inherited” = achuzzah. From achaz (to grasp, catch, seize, take and hold in possession). This is a possession, particularly used of land.
^LXVIII “landholding” = sadeh. This is literally field, ground, soil, or land. It can be used to mean wild like a wild animal.
^LXIX “in accordance with” = peh. Same as “each one” in v8. See note XXXIII above.
^LXX “seed requirements” = zera. From zara (to sow or scatter seed; conceive or yield). This is seed or sowing. It can, thus, mean a fruit, plant, sowing time, child, offspring, or posterity.

^LXXI “homer” = chomer. From chamar (to boil up, ferment, be red befoul, trouble, daub). This is something that bubbles up like sea foam, mire, clay, a heap. It is also cement, mortar and a dry measure.
^LXXII “barley” = seorah. From the same as sear (hair, hairy, rough); perhaps from sa’ar (to storm, scattered by a storm, blow away, rage, storm tossed; this is to toss in a literal or figurative sense). This is barley, perhaps as hairy.
^LXXIII “seed” = zera. Same as “seed requirements” in v16. See note LXX above.

^LXXIV “field” = sadeh. Same as “landholding” in v16. See note LXVIII above.
^LXXV “Jubilee” = yobel. From yabal (to bring, carry, flow, lead forth). This is a horn – whether a ram’s horn or a silver trumpet. It can also refer to the jubilee or the beginning of a festival.
^LXXVI “after” = achar. From achar (to remain behind, linger, continue, be behind, or delay; can also imply procrastination). This is after or the last part, following.
^LXXVII “compute” = chashab. This is properly to braid or interpenetrate. Literally it is to create or to wear. Figuratively, it can mean plotting – generally in a negative sense. More broadly, this can also mean think, consider, or make account of.
^LXXVIII “price” = keseph. Same as “silver” in v3. See note XVIII above.
^LXXIX “remain” = yathar. This is to jut over, remain behind, preserve, to excel. It can be to leave or to be in abundance.
^LXXX “reduced” = gara. This is to remove, restrain, cut off, take away, shave, limit.

^LXXXI “redeem” = gaal + gaal. Same as “redeemed” in v13. See note LVII above. The word is repeated twice – the first time as an Infinitive Absolute. The Infinitive Absolute serves to emphasize the sentiment of the word. It is rather like Foghorn Leghorn’s speech pattern, “I said, I said.”
^LXXXII “revert to the original owner” = qum. Same as “stand” in v14. See note LXIII above.
^LXXXIII “sold” = makar. This is to sell – could be commerce/trade, a daughter to be married, someone into slavery. Figuratively, it can mean to surrender.
^LXXXIV “someone” = ish. Same as “person” in v2. See note V above.
^LXXXV “else” = acher. Related to “after” in v18. From achar (see note LXXVI above). This is following, next, strange, other.
^LXXXVI “it” = sadeh. Same as “landholding” in v16. See note LXVIII above.
^LXXXVII “be redeemable” = gaal. Same as “redeemed” in v13. See note LVII above.

^LXXXVIII {untranslated} = hayah. Same as “be” in v3. See note XI above.
^LXXXIX “released” = yatsa. This is to go or come out, bring forth, appear. It is to go out in a literal or figurative sense.
^XC “devoted” = cherem. From charam (to ban, destroy, devote, seclude; to dedicate to a religious purpose, often for destruction). This is something shut in like a net. Figuratively, it refers to something that is devoted to God or under a ban, often for destruction.
^XCI “becomes” = hayah. Same as “be” in v3. See note XI above.
^XCII “holding” = achuzzah. Same as “inherited” in v16. See note LXVII above.
^XCIII “that has been purchased” = miqnah. 15x in OT. From qanah (to get, buy, redeem, create, possess). This is buying so it could be the process of buying something, the thing bought (land or object or livestock), or the price of the thing.

^XCIV “proportionate” = miksah. 2x in OT. From mekes (tax, computation); from kasas (to estimate, divide, calculate). This is a number or valuation.
^XCV “paid” = natan. Same as “given” in v9. See note XL above.
^XCVI “day” = yom. Root may mean being hot. This is the day in a literal or figurative sense. It can also mean birth, age, daylight, continually or other references to time.
^XCVII “sacred donation” = qodesh. Same as “sanctuary” in v3. See note XIX above.
^XCVIII “return” = shub. To turn back, return, turn away – literally or figuratively. Doesn’t necessarily imply going back to where you started from. This is also the root verb for the Hebrew word for repentance “teshubah.”
^XCIX “bought” = qanah. Related to “that has been purchased” in v22. See note XCIII above.
^C “land” = erets. Root may mean to be firm. This is earth, ground, field land, or country.

^CI “all” = kol. Same as “any” in v9. See note XXXIX above.
^CII “gerahs” = gerah. 5x in OT. From garar (to drag or drag off in a rough fashion, chew, sweep, destroy; to chew the cud). This is a gerah – a twentieth part of a shekel. It may come from the sense of a kernel for its roundness. A gerah could be a unit of weight or a coin of that weight.
^CIII “make” = hayah. Same as “be” in v3. See note XI above.
^CIV “firstling” = bekor. From bakar (to bear fruit, be firstborn, firstling, that which opens the womb, give the birthright to). This is firstborn or chief.
^CV “however” = ak. Related to “so” in v12. Related to aken (surely, truly, nevertheless); from kun (see note LVI above). This is a positive statement – surely, also, certainly, alone, only.

^CVI “firstling” = bakar. Related to “firstling” in v26. 3x in OT. See note CIV above.
^CVII “anyone” = ish. Same as “person” in v2. See note V above.
^CVIII “ox” = shor. Perhaps from shur (to travel, turn, journey; travelling like a prostitute or a merchant). This is bull, ox, head of cattle, cow.
^CIX “sheep” = seh. Perhaps from sha’ah (to make a loud noise or crash, devastate, rush). This is a lamb, sheep, or goat – a part of a flock.
^CX “ransomed” = padah. This is to sever, which is to say to ransom. To secure someone’s release (by paying their debt to free them from slavery) and thus redeem, rescue, deliver, preserve. Can also be the redemption price.

^CXI {untranslated} = ak + kol. Ak is the same as “however” in v26. See note CV above. Kol is the same as “any” in v9. See note XXXIX above.
^CXII “person” = ish. Same as “person” in v2. See note V above.
^CXIII “devoted to destruction” = charam. Related to “devoted” in v21. See note XC above.
^CXIV “Lord” = YHVH. Related to “Lord” in v1 & “be” in v3. From the same as YHVH (see note I above). It has a different vowel pointing, but the same meaning.

^CXV {untranslated} = kol. Same as “any” in v9. See note XXXIX above.
^CXVI “human” = adam. Perhaps from adam (to be red, make ruddy); related to adamah (ground, dirt, earth). This is man, humankind, also Adam’s name. It refers to a human individual or humanity.
^CXVII “every” = kol. Same as “any” in v9. See note XXXIX above.
^CXVIII “devoted thing” = cherem. Same as “devoted” in v21. See note XC above.
^CXIX “most holy” = qodesh + qodesh. Literally, “holy of holies.” Same as “sanctuary” in v3. See note XIX above.
^CXX “Lord” = YHVH. Same as “Lord” in v28. See note CXIV above.

^CXXI {untranslated} = kol. Same as “any” in v9. See note XXXIX above.
^CXXII “human beings” = adam. Same as “human” in v28. See note CXVI above.
^CXXIII “devoted to destruction” = cherem…charam. Cherem is the same as “devoted” in v21. See note XC above. Charam is the same as “devoted to destruction” in v28. See note CXIII above.
^CXXIV “put to death” = mut + mut. This is to die in a literal or figurative sense. It can also refer to being a dead body. The word is repeated twice – the first time as an Infinitive Absolute. The Infinitive Absolute serves to emphasize the sentiment of the word. It is rather like Foghorn Leghorn’s speech pattern, “I said, I said.”

^CXXV “tithes” = maaser. Related to “twenty” in v3 & “ten” in v5 & “fifteen” in v7. From the same as eser (see note XII above). This is a tenth. It often refers to tithes.
^CXXVI “ground” = erets. Same as “land” in v24. See note C above.
^CXXVII “fruit” = peri. From parah (to bear fruit, grow, be fruitful, increase; bearing fruit in a literal or figurative sense). This is fruit or reward.
^CXXVIII “tree” = ets. Perhaps from atsah (to shut, fasten, firm up, to close one’s eyes). This is tree or other things related to trees like wood, sticks, or stalks. It can also refer to wood products like a plank or staff or gallows. Additionally, this can refer to a carpenter.
^CXXIX “Lord’s” = YHVH. Same as “Lord” in v1. See note I above.
^CXXX “Lord” = YHVH. Same as “Lord” in v1. See note I above.

^CXXXI “redeem” = gaal + gaal. Same as “redeemed” in v13. See note LVII above. The word is repeated twice – the first time as an Infinitive Absolute. The Infinitive Absolute serves to emphasize the sentiment of the word. It is rather like Foghorn Leghorn’s speech pattern, “I said, I said.”
^CXXXII “herd” = baqar. From baqar (to plow, break forth; figuratively, to inquire, inspect, consider). This is cattle – an animal used for plowing.
^CXXXIII “flock” = tson. This is a flock of sheep and goats.
^CXXXIV “tenth” = asiri. Related to “twenty” in v3 & “ten” in v5 & “fifteen” in v7 & “tithes” in v30. From the same as eser (see note XII above). This is a tenth.

^CXXXV “passes” = abar. This is to pass over or cross over. It is used for transitions, whether literal or figurative. It can also mean to escape, alienate, or fail. This is the root verb from which “Hebrew” is drawn.
^CXXXVI “under” = tachat. This is underneath, below, the bottom, instead of.
^CXXXVII “staff” = shebet. This is a rod, staff, club, scepter, dart, or tribe. Literally a stick that can be used for punishing, writing, fighting, walking, ruling; thus, used figuratively for a clan.
^CXXXVIII “Lord” = YHVH. Same as “Lord” in v1. See note I above.

^CXXXIX “inquire” = baqar. Related to “herd” in v32. 7x in OT. See note CXXXII above.
^CXL “makes substitution” = mur + mur. Same as “substituted” in v10. See note XLIII above. The word is repeated twice – the first time as an Infinitive Absolute. The Infinitive Absolute serves to emphasize the sentiment of the word. It is rather like Foghorn Leghorn’s speech pattern, “I said, I said.”
^CXLI {untranslated} = hayah. Same as “be” in v3. See note XI above.

^CXLII “commandments” = mitsvah. From tsavah (to charge, command, order, enjoin). This is a commandment, law, ordinance obligation, or tradition. It is something commanded whether by God or by a human authority. This term is sometimes used collectively to refer to the Law.
^CXLIII “Lord” = YHVH. Same as “Lord” in v1. See note I above.
^CXLIV “gave” = tsavah. Related to “commandments” in v34. See note CXLII above.
^CXLV “Mount” = har. From harar (hill or mountain). This is mountain, hill, hilly region.
^CXLVI “Sinai” = Sinay. Probably from the same as Sin (Sin, a city meaning “clay” or “bush); {perhaps from asam (to gather, store) OR from seneh (thorn bush) OR related to Aramaic siyn (a god called Sin) OR perhaps Hebrew siyn (related to mud or clay)}. This is Sinai – a place whose name may mean “bush of the Lord” or “muddy.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Sinai.html